Drugs and Driving: A Systematic Analytical Approach

Crouch, Dennis J.; Peat, Michael A.; Chinn, Dennis M.; Finkle, Bryan S.

doi:10.1520/jfs11603j

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Deuterium-labeled d-amphetamine was used as the internal standard. Samples were extracted with n-butylchloride/chlorofrom (4:1) and derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride before GC-MS analysis (21,22). The anatyses were performed using the described MS instrumentation.…”

Section: D-amphetamine Analysis Of D-amphetamine Was Performedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Laboratory Validation Study of Drug Evaluation and Classification Program: Alprazolam, d-Amphetamine, Codeine, and Marijuana

Heishman

Singleton

Crouch

1998

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) program is used by police agencies to identify drivers impaired because of drug use and to determine the class(es) of drug causing the impairment. The primary goal of this study was to determine the validity of the DEC evaluation in predicting whether research volunteers were administered alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, or marijuana. A secondary goal was to determine the accuracy of Drug Recognition Examiners (DREs) in detecting if subjects were dosed with these drugs. Community volunteers (n = 48) were administered alprazolam (0, 1, 2 mg), d-amphetamine (0, 12.5, 25 mg), codeine (0, 60, 120 mg), or marijuana (0, 3.58% THC) in a double-blind, randomized, between-subject design. A single drug dose or placebo was administered at each experimental session, and blood samples were obtained before and after dosing. With the exception of marijuana, plasma drug concentration was at or near maximum during the DEC evaluation. The ability of the DEC evaluation to predict the intake of alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, or marijuana was optimal when using 2-7 variables from the evaluation. DREs' decisions of impairment were consistent with the administration of any active drug in 76% of cases, and their drug class decisions were consistent with toxicology in 32% of cases, according to standards of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. These findings suggest that the DEC evaluation can be used to predict accurately acute administration of alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, and marijuana and that predictions of drug use may be improved by focusing on a subset of variables.

show abstract

Section: D-amphetamine Analysis Of D-amphetamine Was Performedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deuterium-labeled codeine and morphine were used as internal standards. Samples were derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride before GC-MS analysis (21,22). Analyses were performed using the described MS equipment.…”

Section: D-amphetamine Analysis Of D-amphetamine Was Performedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Validation Study of Drug Evaluation and Classification Program: Alprazolam, d-Amphetamine, Codeine, and Marijuana

Heishman

Singleton

Crouch

1998

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…RIA has been used to test a variety of biological specimens (Crouch, 1983;Smith, 1981;Moody, 1992;and Henderson, 1993). Our testing laboratory has used RIA since the late 1970s to screen urine, serum, plasma, blood, bloodstains, saliva, and tissue homogenates for drugs of abuse.…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of innovative sweat-based drug testing techniques for use in criminal justice drug testing

Fatah¹,

Cook²,

Dove³

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This project is assessing the feasibility of adapting a device originally designed to collect liquid perspiration from infants to test for cystic fibrosis (the Macroduct) for use in criminal justice settings to test for drug use (as an alternative to urinalysis and the sweat patch). The primary focus of this report is a pilot study that compared liquid perspiration test results to urinalysis and sweat patch results, and obtained participant perceptions of the different collection methods. The pilot study was conducted at the Pre-Trial Services Agency (PSA) in Washington, DC, in April 2000 .

show abstract

“…The use of marijuana, ethanol, and other drugs among drivers killed in single-vehicle crashes has been studied (36,37). A comprehensive and systematic screening procedure, for the analysis of samples collected from injured and fatally injured drivers which uses radioimmunoassay (RIA), GC, and HPLC has been recently described (38). The extent and nature of the combined use of drugs and alcohol in drivers who have undergone a blood test on suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol in The Netherlands have been reported (39).…”

Section: Drugs and Poisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%