Drug screening and confirmation by GC–MS: Comparison of EMIT II and Online KIMS against 10 drugs between US and England laboratories

Trabzon’da Denetimli Serbestlik ve Yardım Merkezi Şube Müdürlüğü’nde Madde Bağımlılığı Nedeniyle Kayıtlı Olgularda Toksikolojik Analiz Bulguları ve Tedavi Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi

“…Bu analizleri yapan laboratuarlar›n do¤rulu¤u ve güvenirli¤i çok önemlidir. Adli kararlar bu sonuçlara göre verilece¤inden yeterli gözetim ve denetim yap›lmal›d›r (12)(13)(14). D DS S u uy yg gu ul la am ma al la ar r› ›n nd da a k ku ul ll la an n› ›l la an n t te ed da av vi i y yö ön nt te em ml le er ri i Madde ba¤›ml›l›¤› tan›s› konulanlarda, tedavi genel olarak iki aflamada devam ettirilmektedir.…”

Development of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Method for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Urine

“…They provide rapid screening at a low cost and are relatively accurate. 5 There are a number of types of tests which can be utilized such as enzymatic immunoassay 15 , enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique 15,9,18,20 , kinetic interaction of microparticle in solution 20,19 , and radioimmunoassay. 19 Each of these tests involve different enzymes and chemical reactions but all follow the same basic process.…”

“…This binding will produce a measurable signal such as a change in absorbance (enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, kinetic interaction of microparticle in solution) or change in radioactivity, radioimmunoassay. 15,20,19 The enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique assay uses a drug-analog labeled enzyme in addition to the drug specific antibody which are mixed and added to the sample on a substrate of nicotinamide adeten dinucleotide (NAD). When drug is present, it binds to the antibody preventing the drug-analog labeled enzyme from binding, making an active enzyme which converts NAD to its product increasing absorbance.…”

“…When drug is present, the antibody binds the target drug, freeing the enzyme conjugate, allowing enzyme activity to occur. 20 When screening for benzodiazepines in urine, additional sample preparation is often required due to the high presence of glucuronidated conjugates over free drug in urine. 5,3,10 These conjugates reduce sensitive in immunoassays as a result of the presence of both the undetectable conjugate and the free drug.…”

“…Many immunoassays have cut-off levels between 50-300 ng/mL. 5,10,12,[19][20] These cut offs are utilized to detect benzodiazepines at therapeutic concentrations (0.05-2 mg/mL) 5 and minimize false positives. Unfortunately the concentrations that may be observed in cases of DFSA can be lower.…”