Drug Resistance Reversal Potential of Nanoparticles/Nanocomposites via Antibiotic’s Potentiation in Multi Drug Resistant P. aeruginosa

Abstract

Bacteria employ numerous resistance mechanisms against structurally distinct drugs by the process of multidrug resistance. A study was planned to discover the antibacterial potential of a graphene oxide nanosheet (GO), a graphene oxide–zinc oxide nanocomposite (GO/ZnO), a graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite (GO–CS), a zinc oxide decorated graphene oxide–chitosan nanocomposite (GO–CS/ZnO), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) alone and in a blend with antibiotics against a PS-2 isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These nanocomposites reduced the MIC of tetracycline (TET) from 16 folds to 64 folds against a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate. Efflux pumps were interfered, as evident by an ethidium bromide synergy study with nanocomposites, as well as inhibiting biofilm synthesis. These nanoparticles/nanocomposites also decreased the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of TET. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on nanomaterials as a synergistic agent via inhibition of efflux and biofilm synthesis.

Therapeutic Intervention for Various Hospital Setting Strains of Biofilm Forming Candida auris with Multiple Drug Resistance Mutations Using Nanomaterial Ag-Silicalite-1 Zeolite

“…Biofilm matrices is another complex mechanism which is the phenotype of the three-dimensional accumulative gathering of microbes since cells usually cement to polymeric substances in the network of extracellular space that mostly contains polysaccharides and certain proteins, in addition to exterior nucleic acids. The biofilm is a permanent phenotype that supports the microbe with the capability to counter drugs and antibiotics [ 10 , 11 ]. The formation of biofilm by multidrug-resistant microbes is correlated to the high tolerance of antibiotics by bacteria [ 1 ].…”

“…The β-lactamase enzyme acts essentially to damage the β-lactam ring in a β-lactam group of antibiotics. So, the efflux pump, porins, biofilm and β-lactamase are the main phenotypes involved in developing MDR in microbes [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 ]. Once the antibiotic resistance suppresses the antibiotic inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria, these resistant bacteria proliferate with the treatment by antibiotics [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…Ref. [ 11 ] synthesized nanomaterials, studied the way of drug resistance in superbug P. aeruginosa , and evaluated the nanocomposites as an anti-pseudomonal factor and to act as a drug-resistant reversal tool, in addition to the mode of action of these composites, as well as the nanomaterials’s druggability. Another antimicrobial nanotechnology was to use the fungal culture of ( Mucor circinelloides ), extract the chitosan, and convert it to nanochitosan to synthesize selenium bioactive nanoparticles (SeNPs) immediately, utilizing the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hb), and to evaluate their biocidal actions against MDR bacterial pathogens.…”

“…The mode of action of the nanosheet was two synergistic effects, including interference with efflux pumps, and blocked biofilm synthesis. Furthermore, these nanosheet and nanocomposites decreased the mutant prevention concentration of TET [ 11 ].…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Dendronized Gold Nanoparticles Bearing Charged Peripheral Groups with Antimicrobial Potential

“…NPs have a high surface-to-volume ratio that enables enhanced contact with the target organisms [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. NPs can also interact with bacterial cells to regulate the uptake and molecular pathways [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. In particular, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit additional attributes to help in this endeavor, including chemical stability, biocompatibility, commercial availability, easy functionalization, and high intrinsic antimicrobial activity [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”