Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: Newer developments

Mohapatra, Sarita

doi:10.4103/2229-5070.129142

Cited by 114 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…43 Generally, the parasite enters as motile promastigote form into a mammalian system through female sandfly bite, during blood meal. The existing drugs like miltefosine, amphotericin B and paramomycin were found to be toxic and there were the cases where the drug resistance was reported against these drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetyl shikonin induces IL-12, nitric oxide and ROS to kill intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani in infected hosts

et al. 2016

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Acetyl shikonin (AS)-a naphthoquinone, isolated from Arnebia nobilis, was tested against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in this study. AS induced anti-VL activity was examined by number of intracellular amastigotes in Giemsa-stained BALB/C derived macrophages in vitro and hepatic-splenic parasite burden by stamp smear method in vivo. Mediators of AS endorsed anti-VL were studied by nitrite and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and were further confirmed using their inhibitors. The effect of AS on interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 were analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR from infected macrophages. AS treatment caused a nitrite and ROS mediated decrease in parasite load in murine infected macrophages. These events associated with the up-regulation of the IL-12, and down regulated IL-10. In addition, AS efficient to decrease the hepatic and splenic parasite load and modulated the IL-12 and IL-10 ratio in splenocytes. In summary, this study revealed that AS confers the chemo-immunotherapeutic strategy against visceral leishmaniasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetyl shikonin induces IL-12, nitric oxide and ROS to kill intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani in infected hosts

et al. 2016

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“…The thiol molecule can prevent glutathione formation and reduction of pentavalent antimonials to trivalent formation inside the macrophage. Increase in intracellular thiol levels is also associated with high antimonial resistance (55).…”

Section: Resistance Of Antimonialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily also can mediate miltefosine resistance via active drug efflux. Lower content of unsaturated phospholipids (e.g., fatty acid and sterol) can reduce the ability of the drug to insert into the external monolayer (52,55).…”

Section: Resistance Of Antimonialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis: An Update and Literature Review

Karimi

Alborzi

Amanati

2016

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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Context: Leishmania is a pathogen that infects mononuclear phagocytes in which they establish chronic intracellular parasitism and survive for the infected person's lifetime. Untreated cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) could cause death within two years. Along with known complications of VL, co-infection of Leishmania with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is becoming more frequent, with important clinical, diagnostic, chemotherapeutic, epidemiologic, and economic implications. This review attempts to provide updated information about diagnosis and treatment of VL. Evidence Acquisition: In this narrative review, recent published sources of information on leishmaniasis consisting of books and articles have been reviewed. This review focuses on VL. Results: The outcome of infection depends on the host, the Leishmania species, and co-morbidities or co-infections. Disease manifestation may range from asymptomatic carrier to fatal disease. The development of a sensitive and rapid antigen detection test for relapse detection and also for cure remains an important aspect in diagnosis. Conclusions: Development of novel drugs and diagnostic tests has allowed us to better manage VL. Although leishmaniasis is one of the oldest known parasitic infectious diseases, increasing prevalence of VL among specific populations, recent reports of disease reactivation and flare-up in clinically asymptomatic patients after the onset of immunosuppressive therapy, the risk of disease acquisition by tourists in endemic areas (e.g., the Mediterranean eara), and difficulties in prevention and controlling disease (i.e., given the diversity and distribution of vectors and reservoirs), leishmaniasis has again attracted researchers' attention. Concerning reports of treatment failure and drug resistance are also new challenges in management of this parasitic disease in endemic areas.

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“…Resistant strains of Leishmania spp. are emerging, mostly in India [5]. In immunocompromised patients, relapses after therapy are very frequent [6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%