Drug Metabolism in Birds: Part 2

Pan, Huo Ping; Fouts, James R.

doi:10.3109/03602537809108697

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 246 publications

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“…Data collected in a review by Ioannides (2006) show that the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the majority of oxidation reactions are expressed in the liver of the main food-producing animals (cattle, pig, sheep, goat) as well as in the rabbit and chicken (Nebbia et al, 2003). Biotransformation through oxidation followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate has also been reported for birds (Pan and Fouts, 1978). The principal cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for oxidation of xenobiotics, as well as glutathione transferases, are present in the liver of chickens (Blevins et al, 2012).…”

Section: Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Excretion And Residmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species

2016

EFS2

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Section: Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Excretion And Residmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species

2016

EFS2

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“…Data collected in a review by Ioannides (2006) show that the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the majority of oxidation reactions are expressed in the liver of the main food-producing animals (cattle, pig, sheep, goat) as well as in the rabbit and chicken (Nebbia et al, 2003). Biotransformation through oxidation followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate has also been reported for birds (Pan and Fouts, 1978). A recent study showed that the principal cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for oxidation of xenobiotics, as well as glutathione transferases, are present in the liver of chickens (Blevins et al, 2012).…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of pyridine and pyrrole derivatives belonging to chemical group 28 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Additives¹,

Högstrand²

2016

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of nine compounds belonging to chemical group 28 (pyridine, pyrrole and quinoline derivatives). They are currently authorised as flavours in food. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that piperine, 3-methylindole, indole, 2-acetylpyridine and 2-acetylpyrrole are safe at the proposed maximum use level of 0.5 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species; trimethyloxazole, 3-ethylpyridine, pyrrolidine and 2,6-dimethylpyridine are safe at the proposed use level of 0.5 mg/kg complete feed for cattle, salmonids and non-food-producing animals, and at the use level of 0.3 mg/kg complete feed for pigs and poultry. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest safe level in feeds. Hazards for skin and eye contact, and respiratory exposure are recognised for the majority of the compounds under application. Most are classified as irritating to the respiratory system. The concentrations considered safe for the target species are unlikely to have detrimental effects on the terrestrial and fresh water environments. As all the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings, and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary. In the absence of data on the stability in water for drinking, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety or efficacy of the substances under this mode of delivery.

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“…alcohol dehydrogenases, aldehyde dehydrogenases and esterases, can be found in mammals, birds and fish. Phenylacetic acid is a metabolite of aromatic amino acids and an endogenous product of mammals, fish (Di Giulio and Hinton, 2008) and birds (Pan and Fouts, 1978). The types of conjugates formed from phenylacetic acid are both dose-dependent and species-specific.…”

Section: Safety For the Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of phenyl ethyl alcohols, phenylacetic acids, related esters, phenoxyacetic acids and related esters (chemical group 15) when used as flavourings for all animal species

2012

EFS2

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Chemical group 15 (CG 15) consists of phenyl ethyl alcohols, phenylacetic acids, related esters, phenoxyacetic acids and related esters, of which 18 are currently authorised for use as flavours in food. For all 18 compounds belonging to CG 15 the maximum safe concentration was calculated and rounded to be 1 mg/kg feed for poultry and pigs and 1.5 mg/kg feed for cattle, salmonids and non food-producing animals. Safe concentrations should be appropriately reduced if used in water for drinking. The absence of a margin of safety would not allow the simultaneous administration of the compounds under consideration in feed and water for drinking. No residues of safety concern derived from the compounds of CG 15 are expected in animal tissues or products when used up to 1-1.5 mg/kg feed. The FEEDAP Panel considered it prudent to treat all compounds under assessment as irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, skin sensitiser and harmful if swallowed. At a concentration of 1-1.5 mg/kg complete feed, the compounds included in CG 15 are not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since all 18 compounds are used in food as flavourings, and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. © European Food Safety Authority, 2012 KEY WORDSSensory additives, flavourings, phenyl ethyl alcohols, phenyl acetic acids, related esters, phenoxyacetic acids and related esters, chemical group 15, 2-phenylethan-1-ol, phenylacetaldehyde, 1,1-dimethoxy-2-phenylethane, phenylacetic acid, phenethyl acetate, phenethyl formate, phenethyl butyrate, phenethyl octanoate, phenethyl isobutyrate, phenethyl isovalerate, phenethyl 2-methylbutyrate, phenethyl phenylacetate, phenethyl benzoate, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, isobutyl phenylacetate, 3-methylbutyl phenylacetate, hexyl phenylacetate.

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Drug Metabolism in Birds: Part 2

Cited by 13 publications

References 246 publications

Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Safety and efficacy of pyridine and pyrrole derivatives belonging to chemical group 28 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of phenyl ethyl alcohols, phenylacetic acids, related esters, phenoxyacetic acids and related esters (chemical group 15) when used as flavourings for all animal species

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