Drug level monitoring: antidepressants

Gupta, Ram N.

doi:10.1016/0378-4347(92)80194-u

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…In the past, the most popular technique was a three-or two-step liquid-liquid extraction with water-immiscible organic solvents, such as n-hexane, eventually mixed with a low-molecular mass alcohol, ethyl acetate, pentane and methylene chloride after alkalinization (pH 9) of the sample. 45,61 At present, liquid-liquid extraction is frequently replaced by solid-phase extraction (SPE), using different column types such as apolar or cation-exchange tubes.…”

Section: E Analysis Of Antidepressantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants

Wille

Cooreman

Neels

et al. 2008

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

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2 This review provides specific information concerning the interpretation and usefulness of antidepressant drug monitoring. Fifteen antidepressants (ADs) were selected based on their importance in the 7 major markets (Japan, USA, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Germany) according to the Cognos Plus Study #11. Literature data were reviewed concerning monitoring of the tricyclic ADs amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, and new generation antidepressants such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, mianserin, mirtazapine, bupropion, and milnacipran. In addition, St.-John's Wort was added as this natural antidepressant is very popular in Europe. The objectives of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for old and new generation ADs differs, as older ADs have narrow therapeutic windows with higher risks of severe drug interactions, while the new ADs have a wide therapeutic range, but an unclear plasma concentration-effect relationship. Therefore, the purpose of TDM for new-generation ADs leads more to the monitoring of patient compliance and special patient groups such as the elderly, patients with liver and kidney impairment, patients with poor metabolism by CYP 450 and comedication with inhibitors and inducers of those enzymes.Keywords Depression, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, serotonin-antagonist and reuptake inhibitors, selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake enhancer, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, therapeutic drug monitoring, analytical methods, St. John's Wort. 25Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Dokuz Eylul Univ. on 11/05/14For personal use only. 26 S. M. R. Wille et al.

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Section: E Analysis Of Antidepressantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants

Wille

Cooreman

Neels

et al. 2008

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

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“…The methods available for quantitatively analysing TCAs include immunoassay, h.p.l.c. and gas‐liquid chromatography [55–58]. H.p.l.c.…”

Section: Antidepressantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic drug monitoring of psychotropic medications

Mitchell

2000

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of a number of psychotropic medications has proven to be of value, enabling minimization of the limitations of considerable genetic variability in their metabolism and the high rates of poor compliance with many psychiatric disorders. Therapeutic ranges have been established for lithium, some of the tricyclic antidepressants, and clozapine. TDM has also been shown to be useful in avoiding toxicity (as many psychotropics have narrow therapeutic indices), particularly that due to interactions with other compounds.

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“…Sonication, centrifugation and dilution in combination with a slow sorbent pass-through of the sample seem to be appropriate to disrupt the protein binding of drugs (Bakkali et al, 1999;Frahnert et al, 2003;Lai et al, 1997;Molander et al, 2002). A variety of organic solvents have been used for liquidliquid extraction of antidepressants, such as heptane-isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl chloride, diethyl ether and n-heptane-ethyl acetate (Duverneuil et al, 2003;Eap et al, 1998;Goeringer et al, 2000;Gupta, 1992;Kim et al, 2002;Lacassie et al, 2000;Titier et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fast, sensitive and simple method for mirtazapine quantification in human plasma by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. Application to a comparative bioavailability study

Borges

Barrientos‐Astigarraga

Sverdloff

et al. 2012

Biomedical Chromatography

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In the present study a simple, fast, sensitive and robust method to quantify mirtazapine in human plasma using quetiapine as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte and the IS were extracted from human plasma by a simple protein precipitation with methanol and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Chromatography was performed isocratically on a C(18), 5 µm analytical column and the run time was 1.8 min. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL and a linear calibration curve over the range 0.5-150 ng/mL was obtained, showing acceptable accuracy and precision. This analytical method was applied in a relative bioavailability study in order to compare a test mirtazapine 30 mg single-dose formulation vs a reference formulation in 31 volunteers of both sexes. The study was conducted in an open randomized two-period crossover design and with a 14 day washout period. Since the 90% confidence interval for C(max) , AUC(last) and AUC(0-inf) were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration and ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency), it was concluded that mirtazapine 30 mg/dose is bioequivalent to the reference formulation, according to both the rate and extent of absorption.

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Drug level monitoring: antidepressants

Cited by 42 publications

References 94 publications

Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants

Relevant Issues in the Monitoring and the Toxicology of Antidepressants

Therapeutic drug monitoring of psychotropic medications

A fast, sensitive and simple method for mirtazapine quantification in human plasma by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. Application to a comparative bioavailability study

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