Drug Interactions with Benzodiazepines

Moody, David E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-654-6_1

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 335 publications

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“…Diazepam and nordiazepam were most frequently reported in various combinations along with oxazepam, temazepam, and occasionally with chlordiazepoxide and lorazepam. The metabolic pathways of the benzodiazepines are known to be complex making it difficult to determine which drug or how many drugs were administered based on these results (20). For example, diazepam can be converted metabolically to nordiazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam, all of which are also available as commercial products.…”

Section: Benzodiazepinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Opioid Treatment Drugs in Oral Fluid

Cone

Clarke²,

Tsanaclis³

2007

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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ITesting oral fluid for drugs of abuse has been studied under many conditions but rarely has been evaluated in large population databases. We evaluated oral fluid tests in a database from a commercial laboratory in the United Kingdom composed of 8679 confirmed positive results. The results originated from 635,000 specimens collected over the period of May 2004 through September 2006. Oral fluid specimens were collected with the Intercept | oral fluid collection device, screened by enzyme immunoassay, and confirmed by GC-MS or GC-MS-MS. The database was organized by collection settings (legal/treatment, N = 8198 specimens; and workplace, N = 481 specimens) and by drug groups (without consideration of collection setting). The drug groups were as follows (number of confirmed positives): amphetamines (468); benzodiazepines (892); buprenorphine (276); cannabinoids (725); cocaine (1443); methadone (998); and opiates (5739). The goal of the study was to provide drug/metabolite prevalence data, concentrations, and drugs/metabolite patterns encountered in oral fluid. Comparison of results by collection setting indicated differences in relative frequency, primarily for opiates and cannabinoids. Opiate positives were most frequently observed for specimens collected in legal/treatment settings, whereas cannabinoids were most frequently reported in the workplace. An array of information on drug and metabolite occurrences and concentration arose from evaluation of the data by drug groups. Amphetamine was the predominant drug reported for the Amphetamines Group; approximately 10% were also positive for MDA and/or MDMA; and methamphetamine was rarely reported. Multiple combinations of diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and Iorazepam were reported for the Benzodiazepine Group. Buprenorphine, an opioid treatment drug, was the predominant analyte reported, but low concentrations of norbuprenorphine were frequently reported. THC was the predominant analyte reported in the Cannabinoids Group and was

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Section: Benzodiazepinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Opioid Treatment Drugs in Oral Fluid

Cone

Clarke²,

Tsanaclis³

2007

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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Effect of benzodiazepines on the metabolism of buprenorphine in human liver microsomes

Chang

Moody

2005

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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Urine Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients: Licit and Illicit Drug Patterns

Cone

Caplan²,

Black

et al. 2008

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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Chronic pain patients are frequently maintained on one or more powerful opioid medications in combination with other psychoactive medications. Urine tests provide objective information regarding patient compliance status. Little information is available on testing this unique population. The goal of this study was to characterize drug disposition patterns in urine specimens collected from a large population of pain patients. Confirmation data for 10,922 positive specimens were collated into 11 drug Classes. The number of drug/metabolites tested (#) and number of confirmed positive specimens were as follows: amphetamines (7), 160; barbiturates (5), 308; benzodiazepines (6), 2397; cannabinoids (1), 967; carisoprodol (2), 611; cocaine (1), 310; fentanyl (1), 458; meperidine (2), 58; methadone (2), 1209; opiates (7), 8996; and propoxyphene (2), 385. Subdivision into 19 distinct drug Groups allowed characterization of drug use patterns. Of the 10,922 positive specimens, 15,859 results were reported as positive in various drug Classes, and 27,197 drug/metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The frequency of illicit drug use (cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy) was 10.8%. Being the first study of this type, these data present a large array of information on licit and illicit drug use, drug detection frequencies, drug/metabolite patterns, and multi-drug use combinations in pain patients.

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Drug Interactions with Benzodiazepines

Cited by 3 publications

References 335 publications

Prevalence and Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Opioid Treatment Drugs in Oral Fluid

Prevalence and Disposition of Drugs of Abuse and Opioid Treatment Drugs in Oral Fluid

Effect of benzodiazepines on the metabolism of buprenorphine in human liver microsomes

Urine Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients: Licit and Illicit Drug Patterns

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