Drug-Induced Psychosis: How to Avoid Star Gazing in Schizophrenia Research by Looking at More Obvious Sources of Light

Paparelli, Alessandra; Forti, Marta Di; Morrison, Paul; Murray, Robin M.

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00001

Cited by 125 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Adolescence covers a developmental period of psychosocial, social and biological changes. Under normal physiological conditions in adult mice, CB1 receptors and the levels of endocannabinoid AEA and 2‐AG are abundant in the hippocampus (Di Marzo et al , 2000), a crucial structure involved in learning and memory (for review, see Zanettini et al , 2011). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic exposure to cannabinoids during adolescence causes long‐lasting behavioral deficits in adult mice

et al. 2016

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Regular use of marijuana during adolescence enhances the risk of long‐lasting neurobiological changes in adulthood. The present study was aimed at assessing the effect of long‐term administration of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212.2 during adolescence in young adult mice. Adolescent mice aged 5 weeks were subjected daily to the pharmacological action of WIN55212.2 for 3 weeks and were then left undisturbed in their home cage for a 5‐week period and finally evaluated by behavioral testing. Mice that received the drug during adolescence showed memory impairment in the Morris water maze, as well as a dose‐dependent memory impairment in fear conditioning. In addition, the administration of 3 mg/kg WIN55212.2 in adolescence increased adult hippocampal AEA levels and promoted DNA hypermethylation at the intragenic region of the intracellular signaling modulator Rgs7, which was accompanied by a lower rate of mRNA transcription of this gene, suggesting a potential causal relation. Although the concrete mechanisms underlying the behavioral observations remain to be elucidated, we demonstrate that long‐term administration of 3 mg/kg of WIN during adolescence leads to increased endocannabinoid levels and altered Rgs7 expression in adulthood and establish a potential link to epigenetic changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic exposure to cannabinoids during adolescence causes long‐lasting behavioral deficits in adult mice

et al. 2016

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“…However, we must be very cautious in interpreting this finding because hallucinogen use obviously caused hallucinations (Assad and Shapiro, 1986;Paparelli et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical differences between cocaine-induced psychotic disorder and psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients

Roncero

Comín

Daigre

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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Page 2 of 24The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of three groups of patients in treatment for cocaine dependence: patients without any psychotic symptoms (NS), patients with transient psychotic symptoms (PS) and patients with cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD). An observational and retrospective study of 150 cocaine-dependent patients undergoing treatment in the Drug Unit of the Psychiatry Department of University Hospital Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona (Spain) using these three groups, NS, PS and CIPD, was performed. All patients were evaluated with the PRISM interview. ANOVA, Chi-square tests and multivariate multinomial regression analysis were used to perform statistical analyses. Seven patients with a primary psychotic disorder were discharged.Forty-six patients (32.1%) did not report any psychotic symptoms. Ninety-seven patients (67.9%) presented with a history of any cocaine-induced psychotic symptom and were considered as the cocaine-induced psychotic (CIP) group.Among them, 39 (27.3%) were included in the PS group, and 58 (40.6%) were included in the CIPD group. A history of imprisonment was found significantly more frequently in the PS than the NS group. The distribution of age at onset of dependence, lifetime cannabis abuse or dependence and imprisonment were significantly different between the NS and CIPD groups. We conclude that in cocaine-dependent patients, clinicians should be advised about the risk of development of psychotic symptoms. The presence of some psychotic symptoms could increase the potential risks of disturbing behaviours.

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“…These findings indicate that the anti-NMDAR antibodies may be pathogenic by disturbing glutamatergic neurotransmission. Indeed, the common psychotic symptoms in NMDAR encephalitis followed by amnesia (23) and seizures resemble the memory impairment and psychosis caused by NMDAR antagonists such as ketamine (24) or the recreational drug phencyclidine, also known as 'angel dust' (25,26). Moreover, there is evidence that in the schizophrenia syndrome altered activity of the NMDAR on GABA interneurons in the prefrontal cortex plays a role (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric phenomena as initial manifestation of encephalitis by anti‐NMDAR antibodies

Maat

Graaff

Beveren

et al. 2013

Acta Neuropsychiatr.

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Objective: Autoimmune encephalitis associated with autoantibodies against the N -methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) often presents with behavioural change. Our objective was to describe in detail the psychiatric presentation and pathways to care in order to aid the early diagnosis of NMDAR encephalitis. Methods: Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with suspected NMDAR encephalitis were tested on HEK 293 cells transfected with the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR. Clinical information was obtained from the referring psychiatrists and neurologists and by review of the clinical records. Results: Samples from 15 patients (13 female, 2 male, mean age 24 years, range 5-56 years) tested anti-NMDAR positive. Twelve of the 15 patients (80%) presented with prominent psychiatric symptoms and 8 were initially referred to a psychiatric service. The most prominent initial psychiatric symptoms were anxiety in seven (47%), behavioural change (often bizarre) in six (40%) and agitation in five (33%). All patients developed psychiatric symptoms in the first 6 weeks of illness. Thirteen patients received psychotropic medications: antipsychotics in 12 and benzodiazepines in 11. Treating physicians considered the psychotropic medication not effective in 11 patients resulting in many drug switches. At nadir, all patients were in a very poor condition. However, eight patients (53%) recovered (almost) completely. Outcome tended to be better in patients who had received early immunotherapy or tumour removal. Conclusions: Autoimmune encephalitis and anti-NMDAR testing in serum and CSF should be considered in patients, especially young females, presenting with atypical psychiatric phenomena. Early diagnosis and treatment will likely improve the prognosis of NMDAR encephalitis. Significant outcomes• In this first Dutch cohort of patients with N -methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, 80%presented with psychiatric symptoms while 62% were initially referred to a psychiatric service.• Apart from testing for anti-NMDAR antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the most sensitive ancillary investigations were electroencephalography (EEG) (abnormal in 100% of tested patients), CSF routine examination (abnormal in 93%) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (abnormal in 40%).• This study supports the idea that early recognition and treatment of NMDAR encephalitis results in better outcome.• Symptomatic antipsychotic therapy was generally ineffective on its own and required many drug switches until the inflammatory process was treated.

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Drug-Induced Psychosis: How to Avoid Star Gazing in Schizophrenia Research by Looking at More Obvious Sources of Light

Cited by 125 publications

References 132 publications

Chronic exposure to cannabinoids during adolescence causes long‐lasting behavioral deficits in adult mice

Chronic exposure to cannabinoids during adolescence causes long‐lasting behavioral deficits in adult mice

Clinical differences between cocaine-induced psychotic disorder and psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients

Psychiatric phenomena as initial manifestation of encephalitis by anti‐NMDAR antibodies

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