Drug-induced acute psychosis in an adolescent first-time user of 4-HO-MET

Täljemark, Jakob; Johansson, Björn

doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0282-9

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Similar to other psychedelics, tryptamine psychedelics alter perception and can induce psychological disturbances in users, including acute psychosis (Meatherall and Sharma 2003;Nichols 2004Nichols , 2016Shulgin and Shulgin 1997;Taljemark and Johansson 2012). Adverse effects of tryptamine designer drugs include restlessness, disorientation, clouding of consciousness, confusion, hallucinations, amnesia, catalepsy, mydriasis, tachypnea, hypertension, and tachycardia (Alatrash et al 2006;Itokawa et al 2007;Jovel et al 2014;Muller 2004;Smolinske et al 2005).…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Tryptaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

2020

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Psychoactive substances with chemical structures or pharmacological profiles that are similar to traditional drugs of abuse continue to emerge on the recreational drug market. Internet vendors may at least temporarily sell these so-called designer drugs without adhering to legal statutes or facing legal consequences. Overall, the mechanism of action and adverse effects of designer drugs are similar to traditional drugs of abuse. Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cathinones, primarily interact with monoamine transporters and mostly induce sympathomimetic adverse effects. Agonism at l-opioid receptors and c-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA A) or GABA B receptors mediates the pharmacological effects of sedatives, which may induce cardiorespiratory depression. Dissociative designer drugs primarily act as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and pose similar health risks as the medically approved dissociative anesthetic ketamine. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB 1) receptor is thought to drive the psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids, which are associated with a less desirable effect profile and more severe adverse effects compared with cannabis. Serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT 2A) receptors mediate alterations of perception and cognition that are induced by serotonergic psychedelics. Because of their novelty, designer drugs may remain undetected by routine drug screening, thus hampering evaluations of adverse effects. Intoxication reports suggest that several designer drugs are used concurrently, posing a high risk for severe adverse effects and even death.

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Section: Adverse Effects Of Tryptaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

2020

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“…4-OH-DiPT has been detected in the urine of substance users (Pichini et al, 2008), and a series of 4-OH-MET intoxications has recently been reported (Helander et al, 2013;Taljemark and Johansson, 2012). The subjective effects of these 4-substituted tryptamines that are used at oral doses of 10-20 mg are reportedly similar to those of psilocybin and last 2-6 h. The receptor interaction profiles of 4-OH-DiPT and 4-OH-MET are unknown (Tittarelli et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens

Rickli

Moning

Hoener

et al. 2016

European Neuropsychopharmacology

248

266

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The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review

et al. 2015

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In the area of psychotropic drugs, tryptamines are known to be a broad class of classical or serotonergic hallucinogens. These drugs are capable of producing profound changes in sensory perception, mood and thought in humans and act primarily as agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor. Well-known tryptamines such as psilocybin contained in Aztec sacred mushrooms and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), present in South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, have been restrictedly used since ancient times in sociocultural and ritual contexts. However, with the discovery of hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mid-1900s, tryptamines began to be used recreationally among young people. More recently, new synthetically produced tryptamine hallucinogens, such as alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), emerged in the recreational drug market, which have been claimed as the next-generation designer drugs to replace LSD ('legal' alternatives to LSD). Tryptamine derivatives are widely accessible over the Internet through companies selling them as 'research chemicals', but can also be sold in 'headshops' and street dealers. Reports of intoxication and deaths related to the use of new tryptamines have been described over the last years, raising international concern over tryptamines. However, the lack of literature pertaining to pharmacological and toxicological properties of new tryptamine hallucinogens hampers the assessment of their actual potential harm to general public health. This review provides a comprehensive update on tryptamine hallucinogens, concerning their historical background, prevalence, patterns of use and legal status, chemistry, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and their physiological and toxicological effects on animals and humans.

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Drug-induced acute psychosis in an adolescent first-time user of 4-HO-MET

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens

The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review

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