Drug Design Strategies for the Treatment of Viral Disease. Plant Phenolic Compounds and Their Derivatives

Abstract

The coronavirus pandemic (SARS CoV-2) that has existed for over a year, constantly forces scientists to search for drugs against this virus. In silico research and selected experimental data have shown that compounds of natural origin such as phenolic acids and flavonoids have promising antiviral potential. Phenolic compounds inhibit multiplication of viruses at various stages of the viral life cycle, e.g., attachment (disturbance of the interaction between cellular and viral receptors), penetration (inhibition of viral pseudo-particle fusion to the host membrane), replication (inhibition of integrase and 3C-like protease), assembly and maturation (inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity hydrolysis) and release (inhibition of secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB) from infected cells). Phenolic compounds also indirectly influence on the viral life cycle by affecting the host cell’s biochemical processes that viruses use for their own benefit. Phenolic compounds may inhibit the proteasomes and cellular deubiquitinating activity that causes an increase in the ubiquitinated proteins level in host cells. This, in turn, contributes to the lowering the available ubiquitin molecules that viruses could use for their own replication. One of the drug design strategy for the treatment of viral diseases may be an enhancement of the antiviral properties of phenolic compounds by metal complexation. Many studies have shown that the presence of a metal ion in the structure can significantly affect the affinity of the compound to key structural elements of the SARS CoV-2, such as Mpro protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike protein. We believe that in the era of coronavirus pandemic, it is necessary to reconsider the search for therapeutics among well-known compounds of plant origin and their metal complexes.

Role of Phenolic Compounds in Human Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

“…Compounds of natural origin, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, have shown promising antiviral potential in silico study and chosen experimental data. Attachment (disturbance of the interaction between cellular and viral receptors), penetration (inhibition of viral pseudo-particle fusion to the host membrane), replication (inhibition of integrase and 3C-like protease), assembly, and maturation (inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protease) are all stages of the viral life cycle where phenolic compounds inhibit virus multiplication [ 266 ]. The black carrot has been shown to help those with type 2 diabetes.…”

Staphyloxanthin as a Potential Novel Target for Deciphering Promising Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Agents

“…Yet, the exact mechanism of action for anti-virulence activity remains to be determined. [10,20,74] Myricetin Hydroxyl moiety enhances the binding affinity to adjacent amino acid residues of the CrtM receptor through conventional hydrogen bonds. Carbonyl group is essential for activity, binds to adjacent amino acids of the receptor via hydrogen bonds [21,74].…”

“…[10,20,74] Myricetin Hydroxyl moiety enhances the binding affinity to adjacent amino acid residues of the CrtM receptor through conventional hydrogen bonds. Carbonyl group is essential for activity, binds to adjacent amino acids of the receptor via hydrogen bonds [21,74]. Hydroxyl moiety enhances the binding affinity to LYS residues through conventional hydrogen bonds [24,25].…”

Natural Products for the Prevention and Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sustainable Bioresources

“…Research related to the management of the disease has culminated in a record number of publications, including a significant amount of work investigating natural compounds in the context of COVID-19. To date, relevant secondary (review) studies have focused either on natural products with known antiviral properties associated with other viral infections (in the sense that some of these properties may render them effective against COVID-19) ( Dejani et al, 2021 ; Ebob et al, 2021 ) or were not focused on single classes of compounds ( da Silva, 2021 ; Ghidoli et al, 2021 ; Khazeei Tabari et al, 2021 ; Kowalczyk et al, 2021 ; Montenegro-Landivar et al, 2021 ) or elaborated on synthetic antiviral regimens ( Shah et al, 2021 ). To the authors best knowledge, a review summarizing the evidence about natural products of different classes on COVID-19 has not been published so far.…”