Drug-Delivery Silver Nanoparticles: A New Perspective for Phenindione as an Anticoagulant

Abstract

Anticoagulants prevent the blood from developing the coagulation process, which is the primary cause of death in thromboembolic illnesses. Phenindione (PID) is a well-known anticoagulant that is rarely employed because it totally prevents coagulation, which can be a life-threatening complication. The goal of the current study is to synthesize drug-loaded Ag NPs to slow down the coagulation process. Methods: A rapid synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems for phenindione (PID) were applied for the first time. Results: Several methods are used to determine the size of the resulting Ag NPs. Additionally, the drug-release capabilities of Ag NPs were established. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for the first time to indicate the nature of the interaction between PID and nanostructures. DFT findings supported that galactose-loaded nanostructure could be a proper delivery system for phenindione. The drug-loaded Ag NPs were characterized in vitro for their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anticoagulant activities, and ex vivo for spasmolytic activity. The obtained data confirmed the drug-release experiments. Drug-loaded Ag NPs showed that prothrombin time (PT, sec) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, sec) are approximately 1.5 times longer than the normal values, while PID itself stopped coagulation at all. This can make the PID-loaded Ag NPs better therapeutic anticoagulants. PID was compared to PID-loaded Ag NPs in antimicrobial, spasmolytic activity, and cytotoxicity. All the experiments confirmed the drug-release results.

Anticancer activity and morphological analysis of Pt (II) complexes: Their DFT approach, docking simulation, and ADME‐Tox profiling

“…Using MEP, the electrostatic potential of a compound can be studied based on color. The MEP surface contains various colors: (i) the blue color indicates a positively charged and electron‐deficient area; (ii) the light blue color denotes a small electron‐deficient area; (iii) the red color illustrates an electron‐rich and negatively charged area; (iv) the yellow color shows a small electron‐rich area; and (v) green indicates a neutral zone 80,81 . The MEP maps of LDP‐15 , LDP‐16 , LDP‐24 , and LDP‐25 are displayed in Figure 7.…”

Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Anthranilic Acid Hybrid and Its Diamides as Antispasmodics

“…The HOMO-LUMO energy level can be used as a vital parameter for explaining the electronic behavior of the synthesized compounds. The HOMO and LUMO are the fundamental orbitals responsible for the chemical reactivity and stability of a molecule [ 54 ]. Figure 6 summarizes the estimated HOMO-LUMO energy levels along with its energy gap (ΔE) for 3 and 4a – e compounds.…”

Applications of Supramolecular Polymers Generated from Pillar[n]arene-Based Molecules

“…This strategy can achieve the desired outcome, reducing biological toxicity [236][237][238]. Supramolecular interactions are promising for achieving site-specific drug or biomolecule release and addressing biological barriers [239][240][241][242][243][244][245]. The following section presents several drug delivery systems based on pillar[n]arene derivatives.…”