Drug Delivery Application of Functional Nanomaterials Synthesized Using Natural Sources

Abstract

Nanomaterials (NMs) synthesized from natural sources have been attracting greater attention, due to their intrinsic advantages including biocompatibility, stimuli-responsive property, nontoxicity, cost-effectiveness, and non-immunogenic characteristics in the biological environment. Among various biomedical applications, a breakthrough has been achieved in the development of drug delivery systems (DDS). Biocompatibility is necessary for treating a disease safely without any adverse effects. Some components in DDS respond to the physiological environment, such as pH, temperature, and functional group at the target, which facilitates targeted drug release. NM-based DDS is being applied for treating cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and dermal and ophthalmic diseases. Metal nanomaterials and carbon quantum dots are synthesized and stabilized using functional molecules extracted from natural sources. Polymers, mucilage and gums, exosomes, and molecules with biological activities are directly derived from natural sources. In DDS, these functional components have been used as drug carriers, imaging agents, targeting moieties, and super disintegrants. Plant extracts, biowaste, biomass, and microorganisms have been used as the natural source for obtaining these NMs. This review highlights the natural sources, synthesis, and application of metallic materials, polymeric materials, carbon dots, mucilage and gums, and exosomes in DDS. Aside from that, challenges and future perspectives on using natural resources for DDS are also discussed.

Strategies and Recent Advances on Improving Efficient Antitumor of Lenvatinib Based on Nanoparticle Delivery System

“…43 Because of their unique features, NDDS can increase drug stability, optimize body distribution, prolong circulation time, as well as improve drug targeting to increase efficacy and reduce possible side effects from the free drugs. 43,[57][58][59][60][61][62]…”

“…Additionally, NDDS has various benefits including tunable thermal, magnetic, targeted, optical, and electrical properties based on different nanomaterials. [59][60][61][62]65,[67][68][69]72,73 NDDS can also be utilized as a vehicle to co-load multiple drugs, contributing to combination drug therapy to overcome drug resistance and improve treatment effectiveness. Overall, NDDS can improve drug bioavailability, extend drug efficacy, strengthen targeting capacity, and reduce side effects.…”

Natural biomass-derived carbon dots as a potent solubilizer with high biocompatibility and enhanced antioxidant activity

“…CDs can not only adsorb compounds via complex porous surfaces (Cutrim et al, 2021), but also bind small molecules through surface functional groups and charge accumulation via noncovalent interactions (e.g., electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and coordinate bonds) (Arcudi and Đorđević, 2023). Concomitantly, these complexes engendered by CDs and drugs exhibit low biotoxicity, high drug-loading efficiency, and sustained release profiles (Kaurav et al, 2023;Veerapandian et al, 2023). However, the synthesis of many CDs typically involves chemical precursor materials and noxious reagents, which could impede their further biomedical applications.…”