Drug Abuse by Alcoholics: A Review

Freed, Earl X.

doi:10.3109/10826087309062047

Cited by 68 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The most common effect is the enhanced sedative potency of alcohol when taken in combination with this class of drugs (Kissin, 1974). There is growing evidence that simultaneous abuse of alcohol and the benzodiazepines is extensive (Carroll, Malloy, & Kendrick, 1977;Cushman & Benzer, 1980;Freed, 1973). Because many of the pharmacological actions of the benzodiazepines are similar to those of ethanol, their use/abuse with ethanol may be an instance of drug substitutiton (Sellars & Busto, 1982 University of Washington,Seattle,Washington 98195. persons using these drugs have been reported, suggesting that in some cases reduction of ethanol intake failed to occur following benzodiazepine use (Tailman, Paul, Skolnick, & Gallager, 1980).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Samson

Grant

1985

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Experiments examined the effects of acute doses of chlordiazepoxide upon ethanol selfadministration in the rat. A concurrent-schedule procedure was used that employed choice between ethanol (5%) and a second fluid (either water or a 1% sucrose solution). When ethanol and water were the available fluids, chlordiazepoxide at doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg reduced ethanol-reinforced responding and intake, with a greater reduction occurring at the 20 mg/kg dose. However, when ethanol and sucrose were concurrently available, in many rats only the 20 mg/kg dose of chlordiazepoxide reduced ethanol-reinforced responding. The differences in dose response function occurred in most animals without large changes in the baseline ethanol-reinforced responding across the two concurrent conditions. Thus the dose-effect curve relating chlordiazepoxide and ethanol self-administration can be altered, dependent upon the nature of the concurrently available reinforcers.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Samson

Grant

1985

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Although the association is not clear, personality factors have been implicated in the development of peptic ulcer, in particular, duodenal ulcer (Susser, 1967). There are some suggestions (Freed, 1973) of personality differences between drug abusing and pure alcoholics, it may be that common personality factors are involved. Closely related to personality is the question of environmental stress, and in particular, its perception and resolution (or lack of it) by the host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…An association between the abnormal use of alcohol and other drugs of dependence has long been recognized, and the subject has been recently reviewed (Freed, 1973). Estimates ofthe proportion of alcoholics who conjointly misuse the psychoactive drugs vary widely, from 5 % or less (Texon, 1950;McCullough, 1952;Kari-Koskinen et al, 1970) to more than 50% (Rosenberg, 1969) and appear to depend, among other things, on the demographic characteristics of the group being studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

‘Mixed’ (Drug Abusing) and ‘Pure’ Alcoholics: A Socio‐medical Comparison

Ashley

Riche

Olin

et al. 1978

British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol & Other Drugs

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The social and medical characteristics of 228 'mixed' (drug abusing) and 773 'pure' alcoholics admitted to an inpatient treatment facility were compared. The mixed group, besides being younger, was sociologically more isolated and disaffiliated than was the pure group. As well, the mixed alcoholics were, in general, 'sicker' medically than were their nondrug-abusing counterparts. The recorded lifetime frequencies of neurological, genitourinary, respiratory and locomotor illnesses were all greater in the mixed compared with the pure group. Trauma and malnutrition were also more common, and among those forty years of age and over the incidences of epilepsy, gastritis, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and peptic ulcer were all significantly greater in the mixed group. Cardiovascular illnesses, however, were recorded tess frequently in the mixed group, as was cirrhosis among those aged forty and over. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.

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“…These findings are consistent with the clinical observations that alcohol and drugs can be used interchangeably in the addictive mode and that distinct hierarchical combinations are apparent, although alcohol is pervasive throughout subtypes. 12 ' 16 It is important to examine current and future generations of alcoholics and drug addicts for transmission of specific or common drug types (alcohol) in adoption, twin, and family cases. It is important to continue to assess for the combined alcohol and drug use/dependence in the multiply addicted for epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment implications.…”

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of generalized vulnerability to drug and alcohol addiction

Miller

Guttman

Chawla

1997

Journal of Addictive Diseases

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The vulnerability to develop addiction to alcohol has been well established in familial and genetic studies. Similar familial and genetic studies have supported a vulnerability to drug addiction. The co-occurrence of alcohol and drug addiction in the same individuals is highly prevalent in clinical populations. Common putative neurochemical mechanisms underlie addiction to both alcohol and drugs, namely, in the mesolimbic pathway and the locus ceruleus in the brain. Treatment strategies are directed at both alcohol and multiple drug addictions in patient populations. The formulation of a generalized vulnerability that extends to both alcohol and drug addiction is not only possible but necessary to explain the substantial numbers of individuals who develop both alcohol and drug addictions. Future research that is pertinent and relevant may depend on the understanding of a generalized vulnerability to develop alcohol and drug addiction and its application in diagnostic strategies and treatment models.

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Drug Abuse by Alcoholics: A Review

Cited by 68 publications

References 76 publications

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

‘Mixed’ (Drug Abusing) and ‘Pure’ Alcoholics: A Socio‐medical Comparison

Integration of generalized vulnerability to drug and alcohol addiction

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