Drowsiness Detection During a Driving Task Using fNIRS

Simulation and in vivo investigation of light-emitting diode, near infrared Gaussian beam profiles

“…In addition, the proposed configuration can be employed for other applications of NIR spectroscopy signal in the areas of mental workload detection, sleep, brain-computer interface, biofeedback, and diagnosis of some mental diseases especially in infants and neonates. [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]…”

A Methodological Review of fNIRS in Driving Research: Relevance to the Future of Autonomous Vehicles

“…The majority of studies included here were conducted in a simulator setting, with only nine occurring in an on-road environment ( Harada et al, 2007 ; Shimizu T. et al, 2011 ; Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Inoue et al, 2014 ; Orino et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Liu et al, 2017 ; Le et al, 2018 ). However, as described above, the quality of the simulators (e.g., fidelity of the visual environment, amount of visual field encompassed, realism of the simulator to a real automobile) varied between low fidelity desktop computer setups ( Shang et al, 2007 ; Li et al, 2009 , 2018 ; Tomioka et al, 2009 ; Liu, 2014 ; Khan and Hong, 2015 ; Pradhan et al, 2015 ; Unni et al, 2015 ; Ahn et al, 2016 ; Horrey et al, 2017 ; Nguyen et al, 2017 ; Xu G. et al, 2017 ; Xu L. et al, 2017 ; Hidalgo-Munoz et al, 2019 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Lin et al, 2019 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ) and more immersive simulated environments ( Nakano et al, 2013 ; Oka et al, 2015 ; FakhrHosseini et al, 2015 ; Foy et al, 2016 ; Foy and Chapman, 2018 ; Huve et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Sturman and Wiggins, 2019 ; Yamamoto et al, 2019 ) including large-scale simulators that comprise a real car mock-up along with a wide field of vision ( Tsunashima and Yanagisawa, 2009 ; Shimizu et al, 2009 ; Orino et al, 2015 ; Nosrati et al, 2016 ; Sibi et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Balters et al, 2017 ; Unni et al, 2017 ; Bruno et al, 2018 ; Chuang et al, 2018 ; Ihme et al, 2018 ; Zhu et al, 2019 ). To minimize motion artifacts, participants in eight studies were specifically instructed to avoid head (and limb) movements ( Li et al, 2009 ; Takahashi et al, 2010 ...…”

“…Only 18 studies reported driver statistics such as total number of years of driving and frequency of driving ( Harada et al, 2007 ; Tomioka et al, 2009 ; Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Oka et al, 2015 ; Orino et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Pradhan et al, 2015 ; Foy et al, 2016 ; Nosrati et al, 2016 ; Xu G. et al, 2017 ; Bruno et al, 2018 ; Foy and Chapman, 2018 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Le et al, 2018 ; Hidalgo-Munoz et al, 2019 ; Scheunemann et al, 2019 ; Sturman and Wiggins, 2019 ). With respect to gender, eight studies did not report participants’ gender distribution ( Li et al, 2009 ; Unni et al, 2015 ; Foy et al, 2016 ; Xu L. et al, 2017 ; Chuang et al, 2018 ; Huve et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Khan et al, 2019 ), 12 studies examined exclusively male participants ( Shang et al, 2007 ; Shimizu et al, 2009 ; Shimizu T. et al, 2011 ; Tomioka et al, 2009 ; Tsunashima and Yanagisawa, 2009 ; Nakano et al, 2013 ; Inoue et al, 2014 ; Khan and Hong, 2015 ; Pradhan et al, 2015 ; Liu et al, 2017 ; Ihme et al, 2018 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ), and for the remaining 28 studies, the ratio of female to male participants ranged from 10 to 69%, with an average of M = 34.9% ( SD = 17.6%). Notably, only three studies balanced the gender distribution (±1 person difference per gender group) across participants ( Oka et al, 2015 ; Bruno et al, 2018 ; Hidalgo-Munoz et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Among the papers reviewed here, 23 did not report information regarding the driving familiarization task used. Participants were allowed to experience the driving environment (simulated or on-road) within 18 studies ( Li et al, 2009 ; Shimizu et al, 2009 ; Liu, 2014 ; Khan and Hong, 2015 ; Pradhan et al, 2015 ; Oka et al, 2015 ; Ahn et al, 2016 ; Foy et al, 2016 ; Sibi et al, 2016 ; Horrey et al, 2017 ; Chuang et al, 2018 ; Ihme et al, 2018 ; Yamamoto et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Lin et al, 2019 ; Sturman and Wiggins, 2019 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ), and seven studies allowed participants to familiarize themselves with the driving environment and task-related stimuli ( Tsunashima and Yanagisawa, 2009 ; Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Unni et al, 2015 ; Balters et al, 2017 ; Sibi et al, 2017 ; Scheunemann et al, 2019 ). Only four studies reported a physiological baseline task (i.e., task designed to allow participants’ cortical activity to settle into a resting level), including sitting quietly with or without eyes open for a period of 2 min ( Zhu et al, 2019 ), 5 min ( Li et al, 2018 ), 10 min ( Li et al, 2009 ), or 20 min ( Xu G. et al, 2017 ).…”

“…The remainder of these studies provided no information about the duration ( Harada et al, 2007 ; Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Inoue et al, 2014 ; Liu, 2014 ; Orino et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Yamamoto et al, 2018 , 2019 ). Nineteen studies employed analytical approaches that may be considered more complex than block averaging including GLM ( Balters et al, 2017 ; Sibi et al, 2017 ; Bruno et al, 2018 ), functional connectivity ( Liu et al, 2017 ; Xu G. et al, 2017 ; Xu L. et al, 2017 ), linear regression ( Unni et al, 2015 , 2017 ), logistic regression ( Ihme et al, 2018 ; Scheunemann et al, 2019 ), machine learning ( Huve et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ), frequency power analysis ( Chuang et al, 2018 ), factor analysis ( FakhrHosseini et al, 2015 ), and linear discriminant analysis ( Khan and Hong, 2015 ).…”