Drowning in swimming pools: clinical features and safety recommendations based on a study of descriptive records by emergency medical services attending to 995 calls

Chan, Joanna Shi-En; Ng, Marie Xin Ru; Ng, Yih Yng

doi:10.11622/smedj.2017021

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Lifeguards also failed to recognize the signs of struggle, sometimes because they were distracted or were looking in another direction while the drowning was happening. Others may have been untrained, and unable to recognise the behaviour [ 2 , 9 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. This study was motivated by the increasingly recognised need to more deeply understand and describe the visible behaviour of drowning persons [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Visible Behaviour of Drowning Persons: A Pilot Observational Study Using Analytic Software and a Nominal Group Technique

Carballo‐Fazanes

Bierens

2020

IJERPH

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Although drowning is a common phenomenon, the behaviour of drowning persons is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of this behaviour. This was an observational study of drowning videos observed by 20 international experts in the field of water safety. For quantitative analysis, each video was analysed with Lince observation software by four participants. A Nominal Group Technique generated input for the qualitative analysis and the two principal investigators conducted a post-hoc analysis. A total of 87.5% of the 23 videos showed drowning in swimming pools, 50% of the drowned persons were male, and 58.3% were children or teenagers. Nineteen persons were rescued before unconsciousness and showed just the beginning of downing behaviour. Another five were rescued after unconsciousness, which allowed the observation of their drowning behaviour from the beginning to the end. Significant differences were found comparing both groups regarding the length of disappearances underwater, number, and length of resurfacing (resp. p = 0.003, 0.016, 0.005) and the interval from the beginning of the incident to the rescue (p = 0.004). All persons drowned within 2 min. The qualitative analysis showed previously suggested behaviour patterns (immediate disappearance n = 5, distress n = 6, instinctive drowning response n = 6, climbing ladder motion n = 3) but also a striking new pattern (backward water milling n = 19). This study confirms previous assumptions of drowning behaviour and provides novel evidence-based information about the large variety of visible behaviours of drowning persons. New behaviours, which mainly include high-frequency resurfacing during a struggle for less than 2 min and backward water milling, have been recognised in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some countries, home and backyard pools drownings occur frequently [ 47 , 48 ]. However, in most countries, pool drownings are responsible for a minority of fatal and non-fatal drownings [ 31 , 38 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Visible Behaviour of Drowning Persons: A Pilot Observational Study Using Analytic Software and a Nominal Group Technique

Carballo‐Fazanes

Bierens

2020

IJERPH

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“…It has been established that sports such as basketball and rugby carry a significant risk of injury and accidents [7][8]. Swimming, in fact, is a sport that carries inherent risks and has the potential to lead to serious accidents, such as near-drowning incidents [9]. However, there are currently existing monitoring systems that utilize AI technology, such as neural networks and convolutional neural networks.…”

Section: Life-saving Monitor System Of Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the prospective application of artificial intelligence in swimming

2024

ACE

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Swimming has consistently maintained its status as a highly favored athletic pursuit for a span of one hundred years. In contemporary times, the burgeoning field of artificial intelligence (AI) has exhibited notable advancements, resulting in significant impacts across all domains. Examples of industries include finance, the service industry, and engineering. Furthermore, it has been implemented in various other sports previously. Presently, a predominant focus of scholarly inquiry is in the exploration of artificial intelligence (AI) applications within the realm of team sports, including disciplines such as basketball, volleyball, and rugby. Nevertheless, swimming shares certain characteristics with the aforementioned sports. In order to enhance the advancement of the swimming domain through the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, this essay will examine the feasibility of implementing certain AI applications that have been employed to support other sports, and will also introduce several AI technologies that have the potential to make distinctive contributions to the field of swimming.

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“…Some methods of preventing child drowning involve swimming ability [ 3 ], caregiver supervision [ 4 ], lifeguard supervision on every pool [ 5 ], training parents to provide CPR [ 6 ], fencing private pools [ 7 ], educational programs [ 8 ], teaching school-age children swimming and water safety skills is a key intervention [ 1 ], etc. Moreover, increased swimming ability [ 9 ], the presence of lifeguards at every pool [ 5 ], creating a drowning chain of survival [ 10 ], adequate information, and signaling [ 11 ] are some of the preventive methods of drowning intended for adults. Drowning prevention measures should be multileveled, as only one preventive measure cannot be effective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality Dimensions of Serbian Lifeguards

Dimitrić

Maksimović

Tabakova

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global drowning report (2017), drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Drowning can occur anywhere there is water: oceans, seas, lakes, pools, bathtubs, rivers or water collection on the side of the road, etc. In many countries, there are drowning prevention programs for children and adults. The two most commonly used strategiesagainst drowning are the presence of lifeguards in public places and the use of protected areas that could prevent most of the drownings. The main aim of the present study is to examine the individual differences in a Big Five plus Two (BF+2) personality traits in lifeguards and non-lifeguards (including students). The subsample of lifeguards represented 122 male respondents who were, at the time of the survey, licensed as lifeguards (60.9%) or were in training for lifeguards—candidates (39.1%). The subsample of students represented 138 male respondents who were studying at the University of Novi Sad. The results indicate that lifeguards in comparison to students are more extraverted, open to experience, and conscientious, less neurotic, and aggressive. Both positive and negative valence are higher in student subsample. All of the above traits are desirable traits for people working as lifeguards.

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Drowning in swimming pools: clinical features and safety recommendations based on a study of descriptive records by emergency medical services attending to 995 calls

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

The Visible Behaviour of Drowning Persons: A Pilot Observational Study Using Analytic Software and a Nominal Group Technique

The Visible Behaviour of Drowning Persons: A Pilot Observational Study Using Analytic Software and a Nominal Group Technique

Analysis of the prospective application of artificial intelligence in swimming

Personality Dimensions of Serbian Lifeguards

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