Droplet collapse during strongly supercooled transitions

Abstract

We simulate the decay of isolated, spherically symmetric droplets in a cosmological phase transition. It has long been posited that such heated droplets of the metastable state could form, and they have recently been observed in 3D multi-bubble simulations. In those simulations, the droplets were associated with a reduction in the wall velocity and a decrease in the kinetic energy of the fluid, with a consequent suppression in the gravitational wave power spectrum. In the present work, we track the wall speed and kinetic energy production in isolated droplets and compare them to those found in multi-bubble collisions. The late-time wall velocities that we observe match those of the 3D simulations, though we find that the spherical simulations are a poor predictor of the kinetic energy production. This implies that spherically symmetric simulations could be used to refine baryogenesis predictions due to the formation of droplets, but not to estimate any accompanying suppression of the gravitational wave signal.

Sustainable future for icing tankers in civil aviation certification

“…FAA [15] provides airplane and engine certification requirements in supercooled large drop. Kong W [16], Cutting D [17], Cui X [18], Yu C [19] research and discus the theory for the freezing transition of supercooled large water droplet.…”

Bubble dynamics in fluids with N-body simulations

“…Dynamical simulations of the fluid in local thermal equilibrium have been conducted with an effective coupling between the scalar field and the fluid [82,83]. These results were crucial for determining the GW spectrum [42,44,46] produced by the transition and the fate of remnants of the transition, such as heated fluid droplets still in the old symmetric phase [83,84]. However, with this modeling, the connection to particle physics is unclear -the effective coupling needs to be traded for the wall velocity, which has to be computed beforehand and depends on the fluid profile around the wall.…”