Driving into the Factory of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Microalgae

Abstract

Microalgae, with their rapid growth and cost-effective cultivation, have emerged as a potent source of bioactive compounds, including lipids. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is an important fraction of microalgal lipids, which holds a crucial place in human nutrition and health. This chapter underscores microalgae’s potential as a prolific factory for DHA production. Limited availability of conventional sources has stimulated interest in sustainable alternatives, with microalgae proving to be an effective solution. Microalgae can synthesize DHA de novo, eliminating the need for resource-intensive intermediaries. Optimization of cultivation conditions, including light intensity and nutrient availability, has boosted DHA production. Genetic engineering techniques enhance yields by overexpressing key biosynthetic genes, while innovative cultivation strategies such as mixotrophic and phototrophic modes increase biomass accumulation and DHA content. Biorefinery approaches utilize residual biomass for value-added product production, enhancing overall sustainability. By harnessing microalgae’s inherent capabilities through cultivation optimization, genetic manipulation, and innovative processing, a reliable and sustainable DHA source is established, promoting enhanced human health and nutrition to meet the growing demand for this essential nutrient.