Drivers’ visual load at different time periods in entrance and exit zones of extra-long tunnel

Wang, Shoushuo; Du, Zhigang; Jiao, Fangtong; Zheng, Haoran; Ni, Yudan

doi:10.1080/15389588.2020.1821196

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The existing studies of highway tunnel traffic safety have shown that the dramatic change of the traffic environment is an important reason to induce traffic accidents [ 16 ]. In terms of research indicators, most of the existing studies use eye movement indicators, such as pupil area, blink frequency, eyelid closure and fixation duration, and ECG indicators such as heart rate, heart rate variability and heart rate growth rate, as well as skin conductance level, skin conductance response and other skin electrical indicators to analyze the physiological changes of drivers and then evaluate traffic safety in a specific environment [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Reimer [ 20 ] analyzed the relationship between the traffic environment and driving tasks during driving and found that driving safety is closely related to pupil area and blinking frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Yang

Jiao

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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To study the influence of the driving environment of an undersea tunnel on driver EEG (electroencephalography) characteristics and driving safety, a real vehicle experiment was performed in the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel. The experimental data of the drivers’ real vehicle experiment were collected using an illuminance meter, EEG instrument, video recorder and other experimental equipment. The undersea tunnel is divided into different areas, and the distribution law of driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics is analyzed. The correlations between the driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics model the variables that pass the correlation test. The driving safety evaluation model of an undersea tunnel is established, and the driving safety in different areas of the undersea tunnel is evaluated. The results show that there are obvious differences in illumination, EEG power change rate, vehicle speed and other variables in different areas of the undersea tunnel. The driving environment characteristics are highly correlated with the β wave power change rate. The driving safety of different areas of the undersea tunnel from high to low is: upslope area, downslope area, exit area and entrance area. The study will provide a theoretical basis for the safe operation of the undersea tunnel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Yang

Jiao

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Ma [ 30 ] proposed reasonable speed limits to reduce the number of traffic accidents on rainy days at tunnel entrances and exits, and showed that speed limits are needed when the rainfall intensity is greater than 1.5 mm/min. Wang [ 31 ] selected the maximum transient velocity value of pupil area (MTPA) as the visual load evaluation index, and found it to vary greatly in different regions of extra-long tunnel entrances and exits and in different time periods (morning, dusk, and night).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of visual load at entrance and exit of extra-long expressway tunnel based on optimized support vector regression

Shang

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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The traffic environment of an extra-long expressway tunnel is more complex than that of a long tunnel, which increases the driving risk. The visual load of drivers can be used to evaluate driving safety and comfort. To reveal drivers’ visual load characteristics at the entrance and exit of extra-long tunnels on mountainous expressways, this study conducted vehicle tests with 12 drivers at Gonghe extra-long tunnel on the Yu-Xiang expressway in the Wulong District. An eye tracker, non-contact multifunctional velocimetry, illuminometer, and other test equipment were used to record drivers’ pupil areas, velocity, and illuminance when entering and leaving the tunnel. The change characteristics of drivers’ pupil areas were studied. The maximum transient velocity value (MTPA) of the pupil area was selected as an index to evaluate the visual load degree. Based on velocity and illuminance coupling, a visual load model was constructed using the optimized support vector machine (GA-SVM). The influence of velocity and illuminance on the MTPA in the tunnel’s approach, entrance, exit, and departure section was analyzed. The results show that drivers’ psychological tension order at the entrance and exit is entrance section ≈ exit section > departure section > approach section. In the approach section, the visual load is mainly affected by environmental illumination. In the entrance and exit sections, the visual load is positively correlated with velocity and negatively correlated with illuminance, and velocity has a greater impact on visual load. In the tunnel departure section, the two variables synergistically influence the driving visual load. The research results provide theoretical support for the safety design and management of extra-long tunnel entrances and exits.

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“…The situation frequently becomes much more complex in TEAS, with further restriction on preparation space for drivers expecting to diverge. This phenomenon is attributed to the huge difference in the light environment inside and outside the tunnel; especially so when drivers have difficulty adapting their vision in an instant to the dramatic change in illumination when exiting the tunnel, meaning it usually takes some time to recover the vision, which is called the light adaptation [ 7 , 8 ]. Moreover, since the narrow and dark environment of the tunnel and the disturbing effect of the cavity wall increase drivers’ discomfort, drivers changing lane in the tunnel always face a higher risk of collision [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Design Method for Highway Adjacent Tunnel and Exit Connection Section Length Based on Entropy Method

Liu

Pan

Zhang

et al. 2022

Entropy

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With the continuous construction of transportation infrastructure, intersection nodes have been increasing rapidly, bringing growing numbers of tunnel- and exit-adjacent sections (TEAS) in mountain expressways in China. With the complex variation in the surrounding environment, drivers always face congestion and confusion on tunnel and the exit connecting sections (TECS) without adequate length, meanwhile excessively long TECS create detours. To better provide a sustainable design strategy for TEAS, based on a certain section of expressway in Shaanxi, China, this paper establishes a theoretical calculation model through analysis. The characteristics of traffic flow and drivers’ light adaptation at tunnel exit are obtained through data collection and driving tests, and the length requirements of the tunnel and exit connecting sections (TECS) are discussed. A VISSIM microscopic simulation model is also built under various design schemes and entropy-based multi-attribute decision making (EBMADM) is used to objectively calculate the weights of the four selected evaluation indexes. Then, the design schemes of the TECS with different lengths have been comprehensively evaluated. The results show the match between the evaluation results of EBMADM with theoretical calculations under existing traffic conditions, which proves the rationality of EBMADM in such problems. For more cases, the results of the EBMADM evaluation show a positive correlation between the length of TECS for the best performing design scheme with traffic volume and diverging ratio.

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Drivers’ visual load at different time periods in entrance and exit zones of extra-long tunnel

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Safety evaluation of visual load at entrance and exit of extra-long expressway tunnel based on optimized support vector regression

Evaluation of Design Method for Highway Adjacent Tunnel and Exit Connection Section Length Based on Entropy Method

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