Drivers’ Parking Decisions: Advanced Parking Management Systems

Hester, Amy E; Fisher, Donald L.; Collura, John

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2002)128:1(49)

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However here we have to notice that significant spatial and temporal varations are reported in the soft X-ray band (Greiveldinger & Aschenbach 1999;Hester et al 2002;Mori et al 2004a), which naturally implies multicomponent variable spectra also in the hard X-ray band. Moreover the filamentary structures seen in the Chandra images (Hester et al 2002;Mori et al 2004b) suggest that magnetic fields are different by locations in the Crab Nebula. On the other hand, the photon indexes of X-ray spectra are about 2 anywhere in the Crab Nebula (Mori et al 2004b), energy spectra of re-accelerated electrons are thought to have almost constant indexes.…”

Section: Origin Of the Variable Componentmentioning

confidence: 70%

Spectral Variation of Hard X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula with the Suzaku Hard X-Ray Detector

Kouzu

Tashiro

Terada

et al. 2013

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

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The Crab Nebula is one of the brightest and most stable sources in the X-ray sky. Year-scale flux variation from the object was recently revealed in the hard X-ray band by four satellites. This marked the first detection of year-scale variability from pulsar wind nebulae in the hard X-ray band. The Crab Nebula has been observed at least once a year for calibration purposes with the Suzaku Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) since its launch in 2005. In order to investigate possible spectral changes as well as flux variation, the archival data of the HXD were analyzed. The flux variation reported by other instruments was confirmed in the 25 -100 keV band by the HXD in a few percent level, but flux above 100 keV did not follow the trend in variation below 100 keV. The hardness ratios produced utilizing the PIN and GSO sensors installed in the HXD exhibit significant scattering, thereby indicating spectral variations in the hard X-ray. The spectral changes are quantified by spectral fitting with a broken power-law model. The difference between the two photon indexes of the broken power-law model in harder and softer energy bands is in the range of < 2.54. Taking into account flux variation of 6.3% and spectral variation time-scale of a few days, multi components of the broken power-law-shaped synchrotron emission with different cooling times are suggested.

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Section: Origin Of the Variable Componentmentioning

confidence: 70%

Spectral Variation of Hard X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula with the Suzaku Hard X-Ray Detector

Kouzu

Tashiro

Terada

et al. 2013

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

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“…Hester et al report two experiments designed to test alternative models of drivers' parking decisions (10). Both experiments are implemented through an advanced driving simulator.…”

Section: Travelers' Response To Pgimentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Dynamic Parking Guidance Information for Special Events

Yan

et al. 2012

Transportation Research Record

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Planned special events attract thousands of attendees from nearby cities or suburbia by car and transit. In most cases, the majority of attendees use personal automobiles, and a high parking demand results in a short time, with a consequent parking shortage. Parking guidance information systems can solve the problem by displaying information on parking lot availability to dynamically divert vehicles. This study focused on optimizing dynamic parking guidance information for automobile drivers at special events. An original multimode traffic network was converted to a novel network by considering parking lots as dummy links; therefore the shortest path and traffic assignment could be implemented in this extended network. A bilevel programming model based on quasi-dynamic route choice and linear programming was proposed to optimize the dynamic parking guidance information. On the basis of travelers' reaction to the guidance, stochastic dynamic user optimal route choice was employed within the lower-level model. The upper-level model was a linear program aimed at minimizing network total travel time. The solutions of the bilevel programming model were based on discrete particle swarm optimization and the method of successive average algorithms. Results of a case study implemented with a hypothetical network indicated that the optimization model could reduce the system total travel time by 4%.

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“…Because the parking management center has real-time parking status information, this information can be used to develop two systems: real-time parking guidance systems and parking data analysis (17 ). The management center's real-time parking information can be easily communicated to the signs.…”

Section: Additional Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EZ M-Parking System

Jin

Guo²

2006

Transportation Research Record

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M-commerce has been applied in parking payment systems since 2001. However, its complicated user interface increases time for motorists to complete transactions and, therefore, hurts the popularity of mobile phone–based parking systems. A new m-commerce parking system called the EZ M-parking system is proposed for both on-street and off-street parking. A unique number including a check digit is assigned to and painted on each parking space. Motorists need dial only a single number to start or end their parking service. Short message service (SMS) messages are used to send confirmations or reminders to motorists. Parking enforcement officers can check the occupancy of a parking space online or based on the SMS messages received from the management center. Officers can also send SMS messages to motorists if necessary. This system allows flexible pricing and accurate charging and includes several methods to reduce operation errors. The real-time parking occupancy data can help develop parking guidance systems and facilitate traffic and parking analysis. Motorists can buy prepaid parking cards similar to phone cards to deposit money into the account connected to their mobile phones. The EZ M-parking system is more cost-effective, user-friendly, and error-proof than conventional parking payment methods and other mobile phone–based parking systems.

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Drivers’ Parking Decisions: Advanced Parking Management Systems

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Spectral Variation of Hard X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula with the Suzaku Hard X-Ray Detector

Spectral Variation of Hard X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula with the Suzaku Hard X-Ray Detector

Optimization of Dynamic Parking Guidance Information for Special Events

EZ M-Parking System

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