“…Adaptation to local climate conditions has been considered typical for tree populations (Kitzmiller, 2005 ; Langlet, 1971 ; Wright, 2007 ; Ying & Liang, 1994 ), but organisms with such long generation times and a sessile lifestyle can become maladapted if environmental shifts rapidly occur (Aitken et al., 2008 ; Alberto et al., 2013 ; Benomar et al., 2022 ; Frank et al., 2017 ; Gougherty et al., 2021 ). Plants also exhibit plastic changes in their growth form and physiology in response to stress, and the level of plasticity can itself be heritable (Auld et al., 2010 ; de la Mata et al., 2022 ; Van Kleunen & Fischer, 2005 ; Wu et al., 2023 ; Zeng et al., 2017 ) and may be under the selection (Zettlemoyer & Peterson, 2021 ). Understanding the distribution of genetic variation related to environmental responses may help us better predict changes and manage forests in a shifting climate (Leites & Benito Garzón, 2023 ; Neale & Kremer, 2011 ; Oney et al., 2013 ; Razgour et al., 2019 ).…”