Drivers of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection load, with evidence of infection tolerance in adult male toads (Bufo spinosus)

Abstract

Chytridiomycosis is affecting hundreds of amphibian species worldwide, but while in tropical areas, adult individuals have been the focus of most investigations, the exact role played by infection intensity of breeding adults is not well understood in temperate areas. We conducted mark–recapture–capture surveys during spiny common toad breeding seasons from 2006 to 2018 at the site of the first recorded outbreak of chytridiomycosis in Europe, the Peñalara Massif (Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, central Spain), and collected infection samples and several variables related to the reproductive effort of male individuals. We used general linear mixed models to evaluate the contribution of study variables on the infection loads of adult male toads exhibited at their capturing date. We also analysed the differences on several male characteristics between the pond with the largest breeding population against the rest of the ponds. We found that the duration of time spent in the waterbody and the condition of the host predicted infection loads. Animals of good physical condition, that spent longer in water, have higher infection levels than individuals with the opposite set of traits. The pond supporting the largest breeding population housed smaller male toads and in poorer condition. Our results are consistent with a shift in reproductive strategy in response to infection and potentially a strategy of tolerance, rather than resistance to infection. These findings have applications for disease mitigation and theoretical implications related to the trade-offs made and the evolution of traits in response to the disease.

Mr. Toad's wild fungi: Fungal isolate diversity on Colorado boreal toads and their capacity for pathogen inhibition

“…Strains and their descriptive statistics with regards to the zones of inhibition in Bd co-culture plate assays. to infect and may use water as a mode of infection, waiting until animals mature before mounting an infection (Bosch et al, 2023;Johnson and Speare, 2003;Kirshtein et al, 2007). Further, Boreal toad skin bacterial communities go through cycles of succession, wherein hatching from eggs and metamorphosis are developmental stages that begin as blank slates for microbial assembly (Prest et al, 2018).…”