Drivers and mechanisms for enhanced summer monsoon precipitation over East Asia during the mid-Pliocene in the IPSL-CM5A

Sun, Yong; Zhou, Tianjun; Ramstein, Gilles; Contoux, Camille; Zhang, Zhongshi

doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2656-4

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…A detailed analysis of the MSE budget (Sun et al, ) identifies the two dominant terms that affect the regional patterns of vertical motion change: the advection of stationary eddy (i.e., zonally varying time‐mean) dry enthalpy by zonal‐mean flow (

- (⟨⟩, ([], C_{p} \overset{U}{true}) \cdot \frac{\overset{true¯}{{∂T}^{*}}}{∂x})

; Figures a and b) and the advection of zonal‐mean dry enthalpy by the meridional stationary eddy velocity (

- (⟨⟩, C_{p} \overset{V^{*}}{true} \cdot ([], \frac{\overset{\partial T}{true}}{\partial y}));

Figures c and d). The square brackets indicate zonal averages, overbars the time mean, asterisks the deviation from the zonal average, C p the specific heat at constant pressure, U the zonal velocity, and V the meridional velocity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To further understand regional variations in vertical motion and their relation to EASM precipitation, we use the moist static energy (MSE) equation for relevant diagnostics of the monsoon dynamics (Chen et al, ; Chen & Bordoni, , ; Sun et al, ; Yao et al, ). Here we extend its application to two different climates: the mid‐Piacenzian and the ECP4.5 anthropogenic warming scenario.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying East Asian Summer Monsoon Dynamics in the ECP4.5 Scenario With Reference to the Mid‐Piacenzian Warm Period

Sun

Ramstein

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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The mid‐Piacenzian (~3.3–3.0 Ma), which was characterized by high pCO2 (~400 ppm) and global surface air temperatures that were 1.84–3.60 °C above pre‐Industrial levels, provides clues to the likely changes in atmospheric dynamics in a future climate affected by anthropogenic warming, although its suitability as an analogue of the future climate has yet to be assessed. This study investigates the extent to which the dynamics of the East Asian summer monsoon during the mid‐Piacenzian can aid our understanding of East Asian summer monsoon behavior in the Extended Concentration Pathway version 4.5 scenario, using water vapor and moist static energy equations. The temperature‐dependent large‐scale moisture transport explains the similar pattern of precipitation increase in the two climates, whereas regional patterns of vertical motion differ significantly. Two of the main terms of the moist static energy equation control the changes in regional dynamics relative to the pre‐Industrial period. These terms relate to zonal advection of stationary eddy dry enthalpy by the mean zonal wind and meridional stationary eddy velocity over East Asia. Topographic differences between the two cases have a negligible effect on regional precipitation.

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- (⟨⟩, ([], C_{p} \overset{U}{true}) \cdot \frac{\overset{true¯}{{∂T}^{*}}}{∂x})

; Figures a and b) and the advection of zonal‐mean dry enthalpy by the meridional stationary eddy velocity (

- (⟨⟩, C_{p} \overset{V^{*}}{true} \cdot ([], \frac{\overset{\partial T}{true}}{\partial y}));

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying East Asian Summer Monsoon Dynamics in the ECP4.5 Scenario With Reference to the Mid‐Piacenzian Warm Period

Sun

Ramstein

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Moisture and MSE equations can be used separately to understand the dynamics of monsoon under different climate scenarios (Sun et al, 2016(Sun et al, , 2018. In this work, we follow Neelin and Held (1987) and demonstrate the advantage of combining the two equations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of tropical precipitation to Earth's precession: the role of energy fluxes and vertical stability

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The changes in Earth's precession have an impact on the tropical precipitation. This has been attributed to the changes in seasonal solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere. The primary mechanism that has been proposed is the change in thermal gradient between the two hemispheres. This may be adequate to understand the zonal mean changes, but cannot explain the variations between land and oceans. We have used a simple model of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to unravel how precipitation changes with precession. Our model attributes the changes in precipitation to the changes in energy fluxes and vertical stability. We include the horizontal advection terms in this model, which were neglected in the earlier studies. The final response of the land and oceans is a result of complex feedbacks triggered by the initial changes in the insolation. We find that the changes in precipitation over the land are mainly driven by changes in insolation, but over the oceans, precipitation changes on account of changes in surface fluxes and vertical stability. Hence insolation can be a trigger for changes in precipitation on orbital timescales, but surface energy and vertical stability play an important role too. The African monsoon intensifies during a precession minimum (higher summer insolation). This intensification is mainly due to the changes in vertical stability. The precipitation over the Bay of Bengal decreases for minimum precession. This is on account of a remote response to the enhanced convective heating to the west of the Bay of Bengal. This weakens the surface winds and thus leads to a decrease in the surface latent heat fluxes and hence the precipitation.

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“…To date, there has been no detailed investigation of Southern Hemisphere rainfall changes in the mid-Pliocene. Most studies have focused on the Northern Hemisphere monsoon systems 13 – 15 or global land monsoons 16 . These studies reported intensified western African, Asian and Australian monsoons and a weakened South American monsoon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drier tropical and subtropical Southern Hemisphere in the mid-Pliocene Warm Period

Pontes

Wainer

Taschetto

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Thermodynamic arguments imply that global mean rainfall increases in a warmer atmosphere; however, dynamical effects may result in more significant diversity of regional precipitation change. Here we investigate rainfall changes in the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (~ 3 Ma), a time when temperatures were 2-3ºC warmer than the pre-industrial era, using output from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Projects phases 1 and 2 and sensitivity climate model experiments. In the Mid-Pliocene simulations, the higher rates of warming in the northern hemisphere create an interhemispheric temperature gradient that enhances the southward cross-equatorial energy flux by up to 48%. This intensified energy flux reorganizes the atmospheric circulation leading to a northward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and a weakened and poleward displaced Southern Hemisphere Subtropical Convergences Zones. These changes result in drier-than-normal Southern Hemisphere tropics and subtropics. The evaluation of the mid-Pliocene adds a constraint to possible future warmer scenarios associated with differing rates of warming between hemispheres. The Earth has experienced many periods in which climate was warmer than present. Understanding atmospheric circulation and precipitation during past warm climates is useful to produce constraints on possible future changes. Here we analyse the Southern Hemisphere large-scale rainfall response in the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (~ 3 Ma mPWP; hereafter referred as mid-Pliocene). During this period high-latitude Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) were as high as + 9 °C and + 4 °C in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively 1 , compared to pre-industrial times (~ 1850 Common Era [C.E.]; Fig. 1). In addition, the Greenland ice sheet had 50-70% 2-4 less mass and the western Antarctica was ice-free 5,6. Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations were similar to today 7 (~ 400 ppm). Although the extent of the ice sheets for the end of the twenty-first century is still a topic of debate, especially due to model's limitations in simulating land-ice processes 8,9 , the mid-Pliocene is considered a useful analogue for the end-of-century climate 10. Rainfall proxy archives do not exist for the tropics and Southern Hemisphere subtropics in the mid-Pliocene. However, paleo reconstructions of ice sheets, SSTs, vegetation distribution, soils and lakes performed by the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) project 1 are available to force climate models 4,12

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Drivers and mechanisms for enhanced summer monsoon precipitation over East Asia during the mid-Pliocene in the IPSL-CM5A

Cited by 26 publications

References 46 publications

Quantifying East Asian Summer Monsoon Dynamics in the ECP4.5 Scenario With Reference to the Mid‐Piacenzian Warm Period

Quantifying East Asian Summer Monsoon Dynamics in the ECP4.5 Scenario With Reference to the Mid‐Piacenzian Warm Period

The response of tropical precipitation to Earth's precession: the role of energy fluxes and vertical stability

Drier tropical and subtropical Southern Hemisphere in the mid-Pliocene Warm Period

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