Drivers' Adaptation to Adaptive Cruise Control: Examination of Automatic and Manual Braking

Xiong, Huimin; Boyle, Linda Ng

doi:10.1109/tits.2012.2192730

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The circumstances in which these transitions occur appear to be strongly related to the characteristics of the driver support system. Several field operational tests (2,4,10,15) have investigated driving behavior with ACC systems that are inactive at speeds below 30 km/h and have limited decelerations capabilities. DIAC transitions may occur for comfort reasons (16,17) in noncritical and nondense traffic situations [e.g., after entering the freeway (2)].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DIDC transitions by braking have been primarily related to safety indicators such as time to collision. Xiong and Boyle classified events in which ACC decelerates automatically into nearcrash, conflict, and low-risk cases on the basis of time to collision and distance headway rate (15). They found that drivers were more likely to resume control by braking in near-crashes (56%) and conflicts (42%), compared with low-risk situations (7%).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xiong and Boyle estimated a logistic regression model to predict the probability that drivers would brake to initiate a DIDC transition as they closed in on a leader (15). They included variables that describe the situation and characteristics of the driver in their model.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resuming Manual Control or Not?: Modeling Choices of Control Transitions in Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control

Varotto

Farah

Toledo

et al. 2017

Transportation Research Record

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Automated vehicles and driving assistance systems such as adaptive cruise control (ACC) are expected to reduce traffic congestion, accidents, and levels of emissions. Field operational tests have found that drivers may prefer to deactivate ACC in dense traffic flow conditions and before changing lanes. Despite the potential effects of these control transitions on traffic flow efficiency and safety, most mathematical models evaluating the impact of ACC do not adequately represent that process. This research aimed to identify the main factors influencing drivers’ choice to resume manual control. A mixed logit model that predicted the choice to deactivate the system or overrule it by pressing the gas pedal was estimated. The data set was collected in an on-road experiment in which 23 participants drove a research vehicle equipped with full-range ACC on a 35.5-km freeway in Munich, Germany, during peak hours. The results reveal that drivers were more likely to deactivate the ACC and resume manual control when approaching a slower leader, when expecting vehicles cutting in, when driving above the ACC target speed, and before exiting the freeway. Drivers were more likely to overrule the ACC system by pressing the gas pedal a few seconds after the system had been activated and when the vehicle decelerated. Everything else being equal, some drivers had higher probabilities to resume manual control. This study concludes that a novel conceptual framework linking ACC system settings, driver behavior characteristics, driver characteristics, and environmental factors is needed to model driver behavior in control transitions between ACC and manual driving.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resuming Manual Control or Not?: Modeling Choices of Control Transitions in Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control

Varotto

Farah

Toledo

et al. 2017

Transportation Research Record

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“…This has been demonstrated for other technological systems such as vision enhancement [32] and adaptive cruise control [33][34][35][36]. However, this was not considered in our calculations.…”

Section: Powered Two Wheeler Oncoming Information Systemmentioning

confidence: 73%

A headway to improve PTW rider safety within the EU through three types of ITS

Silla

Leden

Rämä

et al. 2018

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Introduction: The current safety situation for Powered Two Wheelers (PTW) within the EU is alarming. According to EU statistics, PTW riders account for 17% of all fatal road injuries in the region and twice as many fatalities per hundred thousand registered vehicles compared with occupants of cars. In recent years, too little attention has been given to Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), including PTW users, in the development of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Therefore, ITS should be developed that consider PTW riders an integral part of traffic; we focus on three systems that we believe have the potential to improve safety among PTW riders, namely Intersection Safety (INS), the Powered Two Wheeler oncoming vehicle information system (PTW2V), and the Vulnerable road user Beacon System (VBS). The present study aims to estimate quantitatively the safety impacts of the selected ITS for PTW riders in the EU-28, once the systems are fully adopted and meet selected future scenarios for 2020 and 2030. Method: An ex-ante method suggested by Kulmala (Accident Analysis and Prevention 42:1359-1369, 2010) was further developed and applied to assess the safety impacts of ITS specifically designed for VRUs. As suggested by the method, the analysis started by determining the impact mechanisms through which the selected ITS systems affect the safety of PTW riders. Results: According to the main results, all the systems we studied have a positive impact on PTW rider safety by preventing fatalities and injuries. The greatest effects, based on 2012 accident data and full penetration, could be attained by implementing PTW2V (283 fewer yearly fatalities) and INS (261 fewer yearly fatalities). The weakest effect was found with VBS (216 fewer yearly fatalities). Forecasts for 2030, also based on estimated accident trends and penetration rates, confirm an expected edge for INS and PTW2V in terms of safety.

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“…other road users, weather and traffic conditions) (11). Another classification relates to initiating and mediating factors (12). Initiating factors have immediate effect on the driver's comfort and are based on the driver's direct interaction with the system, the environmental cues and the actual risk.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and Modeling Drivers’ Deceleration Behavior from Normal Driving

Deligianni

Quddus

Morris

et al. 2017

Transportation Research Record

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Most research in vehicle automation has mainly focused on the safety aspect with only limited studies on occupants' discomfort. In order to facilitate their rapid uptake and penetration, autonomous vehicles (AVs) should ensure that occupants are both safe and comfortable. Recent research however revealed that people felt uncomfortable when AVs braked. This may be due to their robot-like braking performance. Existing studies on drivers' braking behaviour investigated data either from controlled experiments or driving simulators. There is a dearth of research on braking behaviour in normal driving. The objective of this paper is therefore to examine drivers' braking behaviours by exploiting naturalistic driving data from the Pan-European TeleFOT (Field Operational Tests of Aftermarket and Nomadic Devices in Vehicles) project. On a fixed route of 16.5km long, 16 drivers were asked to drive an instrumented vehicle. A total of about eleven million observations were analysed to identify the profile, value and duration of deceleration events. Since deceleration events are nested within trips and trips within drivers, multilevel mixed-effects linear models were employed to develop relationships between deceleration value and duration and the factors influencing them. The results indicate that the most used profile of the deceleration behaviour follows a hard braking at the beginning when detecting a danger and then becomes smoother. Furthermore, they suggest that the speed, the reason for braking and the deceleration profile mostly affect the deceleration events. Findings from this study should be considered in examining the braking behaviour of AVs.Deligianni, Quddus, Morris, Anvuur, Reed 3 INTRODUCTIONResearch on autonomous vehicles (AVs) has attracted a significant interest from the research community worldwide in recent years. Fundamentally, vehicle automation aims to eliminate or decrease human involvements from the routine tasks of driving (1). Ensuring human-like driving performance is however a basic condition for the wide acceptance of (semi)autonomous vehicles (2).Despite the remarkable research and development progress in the area of (semi)autonomous vehicles over the last decade, there is a concern that occupants may not feel comfortable due to the unnatural driving performance of the current technology which sometimes differs from the average human driving (2). Driver comfort is understood as a state which is achieved by the removal or absence of uneasiness and distress. Even though many factors may affect driver's comfort (such as lateral and longitudinal acceleration, time headway etc.), one of the most important is the braking. In other words, a (semi)autonomous vehicle should decelerate in the style which could avoid mental discomfort to the people both inside and outside of the vehicle. Regarding the braking performance, stress and nervousness are apparent if the timing at which the vehicle automatically brakes differs from the driver's own judgment or whether the level of deceleration is great...

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Drivers' Adaptation to Adaptive Cruise Control: Examination of Automatic and Manual Braking

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Resuming Manual Control or Not?: Modeling Choices of Control Transitions in Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control

Resuming Manual Control or Not?: Modeling Choices of Control Transitions in Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control

A headway to improve PTW rider safety within the EU through three types of ITS

Analyzing and Modeling Drivers’ Deceleration Behavior from Normal Driving

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