Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan

Daud, Muhammad; Nafees, Muhammad; Ali, Shafaqat; Rizwan, Muhammad; Bajwa, Raees Ahmad; Shakoor, Muhammad Bilal; Arshad, Muhammad Umair; Chatha, Shahzad Ali Shahid; Deeba, Farah; Murad, Waheed; Malook, Ijaz; Zhu, Shuhua

doi:10.1155/2017/7908183

Cited by 355 publications

(285 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Water quality in the Indus River and at the river mouth was reported to be poor and becoming worse as affected by human activities in recent years (Azizullah et al, 2011;Daud et al, 2017;Grigg et al, 2018;Kazmi and Khan, 2005;Subramanian, 2008). Existing modelling studies for river export of nutrients from different sources by sub-basins are limited (Amin et al, 2017;Mayorga et al, 2010;Seitzinger et al, 2010).…”

Section: Strengths and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing nitrogen export to sea: A scenario analysis for the Indus River

Wang

Tang

Burek

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2 AbstractThe Indus River Basin faces severe water quality degradation because of nutrient enrichment from human activities. Excessive nutrients in tributaries are transported to the river mouth, causing coastal eutrophication. This situation may worsen in the future because of population growth, economic development, and climate change. This study aims at a better understanding of the magnitude and sources of current (2010) and future (2050) river export of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) by the Indus River at the sub-basin scale. To do this, we implemented the MARINA 1.0 model (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs).The model inputs for human activities (e.g., agriculture, land use) were mainly from the GLOBIOM (Global Biosphere Management Model) and EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Model) models. Model inputs for hydrology were from the Community WATer Model (CWATM). For 2050, three scenarios combining Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs 1, 2 and 3) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 6.0) were selected. A novelty of this study is the sub-basin analysis of future N export by the Indus River for SSPs and RCPs. Result shows that river export of TDN by the Indus River will increase by a factor of 1.6 -2 between 2010 and 2050 under the three scenarios. More than 90% of the dissolved N exported by the Indus River is from midstream sub-basins. Human waste is expected to be the major source, and contributes by 66-70% to river export of TDN in 2050 depending on the scenarios. Another important source is agriculture, which contributes by 21-29% to dissolved inorganic N export in 2050. Thus a combined reduction in both diffuse and point sources in the midstream sub-basins can be effective to reduce coastal water pollution by nutrients at the river mouth of Indus. Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 Highlights: Dissolved N export to sea by the Indus River will likely increase in the future  More than 90% of dissolved N exported by Indus is from midstream sub-basins  Over two-thirds of dissolved N export is from human waste in 2050  Around one-third of dissolved inorganic N export is from agriculture in 2050  Improved nutrient management for both diffuse and point sources is needed Journal Pre-proof 2008). Water stress caused by high water demand and nutrient pollution in the Indus basin may further increase in the future (Hashmi et al., 2009; WWF, 2007).However, not many studies exist that analyze future nutrient transport from land to the Indus and to the sea as affected by human activities and climate change (Amin et al., 2017;Mayorga et al., 2010;Seitzinger et al., 2010). Moreover, these few studies that quantify future river export of nutrients from different sources (e.g., agriculture, human waste), do not account for spatial variability within the basin. A better quantification of the relative contributions of sub-basins will increase our understanding of the underlying spatial patterns Journal Pre-proof J o u ...

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Section: Strengths and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing nitrogen export to sea: A scenario analysis for the Indus River

Wang

Tang

Burek

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Several studies have been performed on water quality in Pakistan, and results declared that almost all areas of Pakistan do not have safe drinking water. Major contaminants are microbes, metals especially arsenic and lead as well as saline contamination due to over-extraction of water and reduction in water table [2], [3]. The major concerns are associated with contamination due to Manuscript received July 9, 2019; revised January 10, 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater Contamination Issues in Chiniot Area, Punjab, Pakistan

Ahmad¹,

Sultana²,

Yoshida³

et al. 2020

IJESD

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This study was planned to assess the groundwater quality of the District Chiniot, Pakistan. The majority of the people in the area use the groundwater from private wells. Water quality is very poor in the area especially close to the Pre Cambrian exposed Hills. TDS (total dissolved solids), hardness, Chloride, Sulfate and Calcium were very high in groundwater. Trace element chemistry shows that As, Mn and S are above the recommended limit. As and Mn contamination is due to water-rock interaction. Whereas S is encountered in shallow wells, which may be due to improper solid waste management and septic tanks. Microbiological analysis of municipal supply water shows that 25% of water samples have faecal contamination. High TDS groundwater is the cause of economic loss due to damage of sanitary fittings.

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“…The urban aquifer plays vital role in drinking water supply because it is the only natural resource for drinking water storage, however, this portability decreased by increasing pollution (Jerome & Pius, 2010). Hydrochemistry plays an important role in the assessment of groundwater quality (Daud et al, 2017). Assessment of groundwater quality may give obvious information about the subsurface geologic environment and water contain types of the aquifer (Raju et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of groundwater quality in district Karak Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

et al. 2019

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Groundwater is the major source of drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the arid and semi-arid areas and its quality is important factor determining its suitability. Our objectives were to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation, spatial distribution, and homogeneity or heterogeneity levels between the physicochemical parameters. Standards methods were used to analyze the groundwater samples. The result reveals that sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ) are the most dominant cation and anions. According to hydro-chemical facies, the majority samples water types are Na-Cl, Na-HCO 3 − . Wilcox diagram was used to evaluate the groundwater quality, and 60% of samples fall in (C3-S2, C4-S2, and C3-S3) water quality class. Highly significant correlation was observed between Cl − and SO 2 4with Na + and positive correlation between the pH and CO 2 3 − . The cluster analyses indicate that Cl − very close similarities with TDS. The 84% of groundwater samples are unsuitable for the potable use as per WHO guidelines. The findings of this study are playing a crucial role in groundwater management. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan

Cited by 355 publications

References 36 publications

Increasing nitrogen export to sea: A scenario analysis for the Indus River

Increasing nitrogen export to sea: A scenario analysis for the Indus River

Groundwater Contamination Issues in Chiniot Area, Punjab, Pakistan

Evaluation of groundwater quality in district Karak Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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