Drinking Water Disinfection By‐Products

Bull, Richard J.

doi:10.1002/9780470442890.ch6

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…However, reevaluation of this potential carcinogenic risk against proposed cancer risk assessment guidelines of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) (4) has broader implications. The metabolites of TCE thought responsible for its induction of liver tumors are also produced in the chlorination of drinking water (5). In the case of drinking water disinfection, the putative cancer risks from the formation of these compounds need to be balanced with the clearly established benefits of chlorination in the protection of public health from waterborne infectious disease (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate.

Bull

2000

Environ Health Perspect

127

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) induces liver cancer in mice but not in rats. Three metabolites of TCE may contribute-chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetate (DCA), and trichloroacetate (TCA). CH and TCA appear capable of only inducing liver tumors in mice, but DCA is active in rats as well. The concentrations of TCA in blood required to induce liver cancer approach the mM range. Concentrations of DCA in blood associated with carcinogenesis are in the sub-pM range. The carcinogenic activity of CH is largely dependent on its conversion to TCA and/or DCA. TCA is a peroxisome proliferator in the same dose range that induces liver cancer. Mice with targeted disruptions of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa) are insensitive to the liver cancer-inducing properties of other peroxisome proliferators. Human cells do not display the responses associated with PPARa that are observed in rodents. This may be attributed to lower levels of expressed PPARax in human liver. DCA treatment produces liver tumors with a different phenotype than TCA. Its tumorigenic effects are closely associated with differential effects on cell replication rates in tumors, normal hepatocytes, and suppression of apoptosis. Growth of DCA-induced tumors has been shown to arrest after cessation of treatment. The DCA and TCA adequately account for the hepatocarcinogenic responses to TCE. Low-level exposure to TCE is not likely to induce liver cancer in humans. Higher exposures to TCE could affect sensitive populations. Sensitivity could be based on different metabolic capacities for TCE or its metabolites or result from certain chronic diseases that have a genetic basis. Key words: chloral hydrate, dichloroacetate, liver tumors, mode of action, trichloroacetate, trichloroethylene. -Environ Health Perspect 108(suppl 2):241-259 (2000). http.//ehpnetl.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/suppl-2/24 1-259bull/abstract. html

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confidence: 99%

Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate.

Bull

2000

Environ Health Perspect

127

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“…Some DBPs can produce reproductive and developmental effects at high doses. Finally, high concentrations of some inorganic byproducts can result in hemolytic anemia [77][78][79].…”

Section: Disinfection Byproducts (Dbps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking and Natural Mineral Water: Treatment and Quality–Safety Assurance

Kekes

Tzia

Κολλιόπουλος

2023

Water

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Water is one of the most essential materials for human survival and preservation of life. The significance of equitable access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is established as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life. The scope of this review is to record the different water sources, along with the water’s main characteristics of each source, and to compare the existing regulations and legislations regarding drinking water as have been set by the competent organizations. Furthermore, this review will highlight and provide a general insight into the most applied drinking water treatment methods and introduce some novel treatment methods. Moreover, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) requirements and case studies of drinking water treatment plants are presented. Finally, natural mineral water characteristics, treatment methods, and legislation, along with the uses and treatment of water in the food industry, are also discussed.

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“…Characterized by fecal to oral route of transmission, these enteric protozoa can readily infect humans when drinking water supplies are polluted with sewage or agricultural runoff. Protozoan cysts and oocytes are highly infectious, largely chlorine resistant, small , and difficult to filter (Bull, 2000 ). In 1998, the EPA promulgated the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, which provides additional protection against Cryptosporidium parvum and other waterborne pathogens.…”

Section: Microbial Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essentials of Environmental Health

Wachs¹,

Chalupka²

2001

AAOHN Journal

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It should be apprecia ted that environmental degradation ...represent[s) the ultimat e threat to human health ."-Tarcher, 1992 I ndividuals and communities are increasingly looking toward health care professionals for informat ion and coun sel on the identific ation and reduction of health risks associated with environmental exposure to potential hazards. This emphasis on environmental health presents important challenges and opportunities for occupational and environmental health nurses. They are positioned to assume leadership roles to enhance the health of individuals and communities. Occupational and environmental health nurses must have knowledge and competencies in environmental health because many environmental hazards originate in the workplace. Workers are themselves part of a larger community environment. Nurses with expertise in the identification of hazardous chemical and physical exposures, as well as pre

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Drinking Water Disinfection By‐Products

Cited by 4 publications

References 284 publications

Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate.

Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate.

Drinking and Natural Mineral Water: Treatment and Quality–Safety Assurance

Essentials of Environmental Health

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