Drinking water contamination and the incidence of leukemia: an ecologic study.

Fagliano, Jerald; Berry, Michael J.; Bove, Frank; Burke, Thomas A.

doi:10.2105/ajph.80.10.1209

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Lastly, it should be noted that the primary metal industry is a major environmental contributor of chlorinated solvents (dichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene), which are potential chemical leukemogens (Shore et al, 1993) and known or suspected carcinogens. There are studies which have linked exposure to drinking water contaminated by tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene to an increase in incidence of some childhood leukemias (Cohn et al, 1994;Fagliano et al, 1990). In our study, we found statistically significant excess risks for tetrachloroethylene and dichloromethane, and a non-statistically significant excess risk for trichloroethylene (see Table 6).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Childhood leukemia and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites

García‐Pérez

López‐Abente

Gómez-Barroso

et al. 2015

Environmental Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Childhood leukemia and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites

García‐Pérez

López‐Abente

Gómez-Barroso

et al. 2015

Environmental Research

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“…In general, these are cross-sectional studies of cancers, often childhood cancers, and drinking water contamination (85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99). The study with the most sophisticated exposure assessment, conducted in Finland, used U-TCA, a biomarker of TCE exposure in residents, to assess the possible association of drinking TCE-contaminated water and cancer (87).…”

Section: Community-based Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study with the most sophisticated exposure assessment, conducted in Finland, used U-TCA, a biomarker of TCE exposure in residents, to assess the possible association of drinking TCE-contaminated water and cancer (87). In all the other studies, exposures are inferred from measurements of contaminants in the drinking water source (85,89,90) and/or numerical models providing estimates of contaminants in the water (86,99), or proximity to hazardous waste sites containing TCE (88,(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98) These studies are of particular interest for at least two reasons. First, these studies have relatively high statistical power (i.e., the ability to detect an effect if one exists) even though exposure levels are relatively low because of the large number of subjects con Tables 10-12, and for the community-based studies in Table 13.…”

Section: Community-based Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichloroethylene and cancer: epidemiologic evidence.

Wartenberg

Reyner

Scott

2000

Environ Health Perspect

198

156

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Trichloroethylene is an organic chemical that has been used in dry cleaning, for metal degreasing, and as a solvent for oils and resins. It has been shown to cause liver and kidney cancer in experimental animals. This article reviews over 80 published papers and letters on the cancer epidemiology of people exposed to trichloroethylene. Evidence of excess cancer incidence among occupational cohorts with the most rigorous exposure assessment is found for kidney cancer (relative risk lRR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.1-2.7), liver cancer (RR = 1.9, 95% Cl 1.0-3.4), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR = 1.5, 95% Cl 0.9-2.3) as well as for cervical cancer, Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. However, since few studies isolate trichloroethylene exposure, results are likely confounded by exposure to other solvents and other risk factors. Although we believe that solvent exposure causes cancer in humans and that trichloroethylene likely is one of the active agents, we recommend further study to better specify the specific agents that confer this risk and to estimate the magnitude of that risk.

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“…These studies include investigation of links between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and levels of fertilizer-derived nitrate, a possible precursor to carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, in community water supplies contaminated by agricultural practices (Ward et al, 1996) and numerous analyses of associations between specific VOCs in public water supplies and health outcomes such as leukemia (Fagliano et al, 1990) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (Deane et al, 1989;Rodenback et al, 2000;Bove et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical reconstruction of wastewater and land use impacts to groundwater used for public drinking water:Exposure assessment using chemical data and GIS

Swartz

Rudel

Kachajian

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Land use in geographic areas that replenish groundwater and surface water resources is increasingly recognized as an important factor affecting drinking water quality. Efforts to understand the implications for health, particularly outcomes with long latency or critical exposure windows, have been hampered by lack of historical exposure data for unregulated pollutants. This limitation has hindered studies of the possible links between breast cancer risk and drinking water impacted by endocrine disrupting compounds and mammary carcinogens, for example. This paper describes a methodology to assess potential historical exposure to a broad range of chemicals associated with wastewater and land use impacts to 132 groundwater wells and one surface water body supplying drinking water to 18 public distribution systems on Cape Cod, MA. We calculated annual measures of impact to each distribution system and used the measures as exposure estimates for the residential addresses of control women in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study (Cape Cod Study). Impact was assessed using (1) historical chemical measurements of nitrate at the water supply sources (performed as required by the Safe Water Drinking Act) and (2) a geographic information system analysis of land use within the zones of contribution (ZOCs) delineated for each well in a state-mandated wellhead protection program. The period for which these impact estimates were developed was constrained by the availability of chemical measurements and land use data and consideration of time required for groundwater transport of contaminants to the water supply wells. Trends in these estimates for Cape Cod suggest increasing impact to drinking water quality for land use over the study period. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the effect on the distribution of controls' cumulative exposure estimates from (1) reducing the area of the ZOCs to reflect typical well operating conditions rather than extreme pumping conditions used for the regulatory ZOCs, (2) assuming residences received their drinking water entirely from the closest well or cluster of wells rather than a volume-weighted annual district-wide average, and (3) changing the travel time considered for contaminants to reach wells from land use sources. We found that the rank and distribution of controls' cumulative exposure estimates were affected most by the assumption concerning district mixing; in particular, assignment of exposure estimates based on impact values for the closest well(s) consistently produced a larger number of unexposed controls than when a district-wide average impact value was used. As expected, the results suggest that adequate characterization of water quality heterogeneity within water supplies is an important component of exposure assessment methodologies in health studies investigating impacted drinking water.

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Drinking water contamination and the incidence of leukemia: an ecologic study.

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

Childhood leukemia and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites

Childhood leukemia and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites

Trichloroethylene and cancer: epidemiologic evidence.

Historical reconstruction of wastewater and land use impacts to groundwater used for public drinking water:Exposure assessment using chemical data and GIS

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