Drilling report and core logs for the 1981 drilling of Kilauea Iki lava lake (Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii), with comparative notes on earlier (1967-1979) drilling experiences

Helz, Rosalind Tuthill; Wright, Thomas L.

doi:10.3133/ofr83326

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The distribution of melt within the crystallizing lava lakes was constrained by drilling into the melt zone and by geophysical experiments [ Helz and Wright , 1983; Aki et al , 1978; Hardee et al , 1981; Smith et al , 1977]. The composition of the drilled melts and glasses is clearly that of evolved segregation veins [ Helz and Wright , 1983; Helz et al , 1994]. Seismic and electromagnetic experiments mapped a thin melt lens at the boundary between low and high temperature zones, the same position of the drilled‐into melt lenses.…”

Section: Mid‐ocean Ridge Magma Chamber Processes: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magmatic processes under mid‐ocean ridges: A detailed mineralogic study of lavas from East Pacific Rise 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N

Pan

Batiza

2003

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] Detailed petrologic study has been made for lavas from the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9°30 0 N has nonrobust magma supply and no shallow melt lens. Lavas from all three localities are sparsely phyric and glassy, containing plagioclase ± olivine ± pyroxene. Typically, the lavas contain several to many (up to seven) distinct chemical groups of plagioclase that are not always distinct texturally. The lavas may also contain up to three chemically distinct groups of olivine and two groups of pyroxene. The lavas contain both individual crystals and groups comprising reticulate and dendritic clots that we interpret to represent bits of crystal networks forming in mushy zones of an axial magma chamber. 21 of the 23 samples studied in detail have diverse crystal compositions and require mixing, which most likely occurs when mostly liquid magma passes through mushy zones. We find no significant systematic differences between robust and nonrobust segments in terms of their crystal content, proportion of texturally distinct xenocrysts, crystal size, aspect ratio, roundness, modal abundance, magma residence time, number of diverse mineral-chemical groups, and characteristics of mixing like the total range of composition of disequilibrium minerals present, and the magnitude of the chemical gaps between disequilibrium and equilibrium compositions. This unexpected and remarkable similarity suggests that the presence or absence of a seismically imaged shallow melt lens has essentially no effect on the mineralogy of erupted lavas. We conclude that the fundamentally important magmatic process under mid-ocean ridges, from slow to fast, is the formation of crystal networks and their subsequent compaction; the seismically detected shallow melt lenses likely contain highly evolved magma, formed by expelled interstitial melt during crystal network compaction, and play very little role in crustal accretion. Our conclusion implies that the thick (>3 km) low velocity zone near the base of the crust produces the thin (<30 m) shallow melt lenses, not the other way around.

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Section: Mid‐ocean Ridge Magma Chamber Processes: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magmatic processes under mid‐ocean ridges: A detailed mineralogic study of lavas from East Pacific Rise 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N

Pan

Batiza

2003

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Drill penetration to the base of the crust was achievable only in the absence of melt-rich segregation veins. Most holes drilled between 1960 and 1979 were stopped when they encountered isolated pockets of melt [Helz and Wright, 1983]. The only earlier drill holes not so limited were KI75-1, KI79-1, and KI79-6.…”

Section: Melt Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upward movement of gas bubbles (vesicles) occurred continually, although the period of most active degassing was 1960 through 1964 Helz, 1985, 1986]. The composition of gas emitted from boreholes changed from being sulfurous prior to 1976 to odorless steam during and after 1979[Helz and Wright, 1983]. For the first 2 to 4 years, the vesicles were sufficiently numerous to inhibit crystal settling[Shaw et al, 1968;Mangan and Helz, 1985].…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

The magma body at Kilauea Iki lava lake: Potential insights into mid‐ocean ridge magma chambers

Barth¹,

Kleinrock²,

Helz³

1994

J. Geophys. Res.

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Although geological and geophysical measurements at active ridges have provided indirect samples and remote images and ophiolites have provided fossil evidence, the lack of direct sampling of in situ physical and chemical properties severly hinders our understanding of subsurface magmatic systems at mid‐ocean ridges. In contrast with the ridge setting, substantial information has been gained from direct sampling of Kilauea Iki lava lake. We reanalyze time series physical and petrological data from both in situ sampling and remote seismic and electromagnetic imaging of this lava lake in order to gain insights into the evolution of an enclosed basaltic magma body with many characteristics similar to a mid‐ocean ridge magma chamber. Although the analogy is imperfect, our analysis of observations from Kilauea Iki suggests that at a mid‐ocean ridge (1) a fine structure exists at the top of the magma body in the form of horizontal segregation veins (i.e., sills), (2) sustained convection within the magma chamber is highly unlikely, (3) a “dry‐out” zone above the magma body and below the deepest penetration of hydrothermal circulation may exist, (4) with high magma supply (e.g., the East Pacific Rise), where quasi steady state melt zones are present, the magma chamber must be completely replenished very frequently (at least every 300–600 years), and (5) the onset of rigid behavior of the basaltic partial melt does not happen at a unique “critical” crystal fraction. These results also show that significant differences may occur in interpretation of the rheology of a magmatic system depending upon the type of petrologic, seismic, or drilling data analyzed.

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“…The first drilling episode took place shortly thereafter; results from the 1960-1962 drillings were reported in Richter and Moore (1966). The lava lake was drilled subsequently in , 1975in , 1979in , and 1988in (Helz and others, 1984Helz and Wright, 1983;Helz, 1993). The locations of the leveling network and boreholes are shown in map view ( fig.…”

Section: Background and Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first group of analyses in this report (appendix 1, table 1.1) includes 337 analyses of glasses from Kīlauea Iki drill core. Most glasses were interstitial to the multi-phase crystalline network of the drillable mush zones in the lava lake, but some were encountered at and below the crust/melt interface (see discussion in Helz and Wright, 1983). The latter (oozes, glass-in-bit samples) were almost entirely melt prior to quenching.…”

Section: Glasses From Kīlauea Iki Drill Corementioning

confidence: 99%

Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from Kīlauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii

Drilling report and core logs for the 1981 drilling of Kilauea Iki lava lake (Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii), with comparative notes on earlier (1967-1979) drilling experiences

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Magmatic processes under mid‐ocean ridges: A detailed mineralogic study of lavas from East Pacific Rise 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N

Magmatic processes under mid‐ocean ridges: A detailed mineralogic study of lavas from East Pacific Rise 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N

The magma body at Kilauea Iki lava lake: Potential insights into mid‐ocean ridge magma chambers

Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from Kīlauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii

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Drilling report and core logs for the 1981 drilling of Kilauea Iki lava lake (Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii), with comparative notes on earlier (1967-1979) drilling experiences

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Magmatic processes under mid‐ocean ridges: A detailed mineralogic study of lavas from East Pacific Rise 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N

Magmatic processes under mid‐ocean ridges: A detailed mineralogic study of lavas from East Pacific Rise 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N

The magma body at Kilauea Iki lava lake: Potential insights into mid‐ocean ridge magma chambers

Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from K&#299;lauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawaii

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Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from Kīlauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii