Dreaming of toilets: Using photovoice to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices around water–health linkages in rural Kenya

“It makes us really look inferior to outsiders”: Coping with psychosocial experiences associated with the lack of access to safe water and sanitation

“…23 Water challenges manifest in a wide range of health and social concerns for residents, including diarrheal diseases, physical collection burden, and loss of productive time. 14,24 It is important to mention that the community gained access to piped water from the Kisumu Water Company after data collection for this study had been completed.…”

“…Further, diverting limited household resources into coping (e.g., buying water from vendors) may result in opportunity costs in terms of reduced savings or resources for other household needs, such as food. 14 In addition, a scoping review conducted by Bisung and Elliott (2016) 15 identified (perceived) inequities in access to safe water and adequate sanitation as a major source of stress. For example, individuals without access often feel neglected and marginalized, particularly where geographical and social disparities in access exist.…”

Picturing waters: a review of Photovoice and similar participatory visual research on water governance

“…Articles have been grouped according to: (1) water governance themes and concerns addressed, identified under the category ‘specific objective of the study,’ and (2) geographical focus, identified under the categories ‘participants (place)’ and ‘urban/rural.’ The four groups thus identified are:Projects identifying issues and concerns in water and health, sanitation, hygiene (six articles27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and five projects): these studies have been undertaken in Sub‐Saharan Africa (South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, and Tanzania) by researchers based in Canada and the United States with local African partners.Projects promoting participation in water resources management (eight articles19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 and eight projects), in Australia and New Zeeland undertaken by national research groups, and in India by an international consortium of Australian and Indian researchers.Projects aiming at understanding experiences and perceptions of landscapes and water spaces (five articles40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and four projects): these projects have been undertaken in Canada (2) and Japan (1) by national research groups and in Sierra Leone (1) by a researcher based in Canada.Projects aiming to explore the link between domestic water and urban water management (four articles20, 45, 46, 47 and three projects) undertaken in Australia (2) and New Zeeland (1) by national research groups. …”

“…Projects identifying issues and concerns in water and health, sanitation, hygiene (six articles27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and five projects): these studies have been undertaken in Sub‐Saharan Africa (South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, and Tanzania) by researchers based in Canada and the United States with local African partners.…”

“…In this respect, Photovoice facilitated to highlight the complexity of water issues, by revealing the consequences of power relations linked to socioeconomic factors27, 29 or gender 43. Participatory visual research also elicited reflections and awareness about the need for a holistic approach in water‐health interventions to address political, ecological and social (micro and macro) factors,27, 28 as well as the need for transdisciplinary work to address such complexity 36…”