“…Culture structures the environment for development. Human Development, 45(4), 270-274. http://doi.org/10.1159/000064988 Notes 1 This paper draws on research by Janine Tine which was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.2 The term "the child" is employed for ease of use while acknowledging that in constructing understandings of the child there are "many children and many childhoods"(Dahlberg et al, 2013, p. 46).3 For research on using PIAs, seeEllis, 2006;Ellis, Amjad, & Deng, 2011;Ellis, Janjic-Watrich et al, 2011;Ellis et al, 2013;Friesen & Ellis, 2016.Janine Tine is a recent PhD graduate from the Department of Elementary Education, University of Alberta. Her research interests include intercultural marriage and parenting, parental understandings of bicultural children, and Indigenous conceptions of childhood.Julia Ellis is Professor Emerita, Faculty of Education, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Alberta.…”