Draping processes for composites manufacture

Potter, Kevin D; Ward, Carwyn

doi:10.1016/b978-1-78242-307-2.00005-1

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Various methods can be employed to drape the fabric materials to a near-net shape prior to resin infusion and cure. A complex combination of various deformation modes such as shear, bending and slip is required to conform the two-dimensional fabric blanks into a three-dimensional preform [1][2][3][4][5]. Multiple types of carbon fibre fabrics, such as woven and non-crimp fabrics, are affected by these processes.…”

Section: Draping Of Fibrous Reinforcement Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a shear forming envelope for carbon fibre non-crimp fabrics

Lux

Fial

Schmidt

et al. 2021

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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Our research aims to develop a shear forming envelope for the preforming of textiles, a critical step in the manufacture of fibre-reinforced composite materials. This paper demonstrates the progress towards this aim by conducting picture frame tests to empirically determine the locking angle of non-crimp fabrics with different fibre orientations. While conventional shear tests typically utilise woven textile samples with orthogonal fibre directions of 0°/90°, the investigation of non-crimp fabrics, especially with non-standard fibre orientations, is less common. As a result, there is little knowledge about the shear deformation behaviour of these fabric types, despite their relevance to the aerospace industry. In this study, the shear locking angles of various carbon fibre non-crimp fabrics are investigated, gradually reducing the relative fibre angles of the textile materials from ±45° to ±22.5°. Previously, it was observed that unidirectional 0° reinforcement layers induce draping defects when forming multiaxial non-crimp fabric stacks into curved aerospace stiffeners. Their substitution by reinforcements with smaller cross-ply angles such as ±30° resulted in better formability and reduced defects. It is however unclear, how the shear locking angle decreases with more acute cross-ply angles. Here, we report for the first time a correlation between the fibre orientation of the non-crimp fabric and its shear locking angle. The resulting shear forming envelope provides composite design and manufacturing guidance for an enhanced utilisation of the advantageous but anisotropic properties of carbon fibre textiles.

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Section: Draping Of Fibrous Reinforcement Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the two most common methods for the investigation of fabric locking angles during shear deformation is the picture frame test [2,[10][11][12][13][14][15]. A cruciform textile sample is clamped in the picture frame device with its two fibre directions aligned parallel to the frame arms.…”

Section: Shear Characterisation Of Fibrous Reinforcement Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a shear forming envelope for carbon fibre non-crimp fabrics

Lux

Fial

Schmidt

et al. 2021

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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“…The study probably started in the mid1970s, and was reported on in a couple of papers in 1979 [8,9]. The most recent paper in this area from the Bristol University team was published in 2015 [10] and the field is still very much "live". It has taken more than 35 years to reach the current level of understanding, but it now seems possible to close out this area of study in the not too distant future.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘But How Can We Make Something Useful Out of Black String?’ The Development of Carbon Fibre Composites Manufacturing (1965–2015)

Potter

2016

The Structural Integrity of Carbon Fiber Composites

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Abstract.This chapter looks at how the manufacturing community responded to the invention of carbon fibres, the first practical, high-modulus, reinforcement to be available as continuous fibres; largely through the lens of the author's personal experience. Whilst it seems axiomatic to us today that we use continuous fibres, most of the composites applications in 1965 used short fibres, for example chopped glass, asbestos, whiskers or linen fibres. To a large extent the narrative of carbon fibre composites manufacturing is the story of how to manipulate continuous fibres into complex geometries; and how to do that cost-effectively without introducing strength reducing defects. Until very recently, when the manufacturing and structural integrity communities have started to interact much more, there has tended to be an almost complete disconnect between the materials, design and manufacturing worlds. This has been the case as much in industry as it has in academia and seems to have been the norm since the very beginnings of the application of carbon fibre composites. The difficulties inherent in manufacturing geometrically complex parts were identified very early in the history of carbon fibre composites. However, it has proven to be very challenging to go beyond identifying problem issues to actually solving them, and that process is by no means complete. There are signs that the composites community may finally be on the right track, with some recent successes pointing towards research directions where design and manufacturing approaches can be unified to deliver reliable and cost-effective parts -only 50 years after the process started.

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“…Such voids have an impact on the strength of the composite and the development of delamination, which may take place in one or more areas of the composite. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Fibrous preforms that are being used to create composite materials are compressed to the intended composite dimension. When yarn is compressed transversely, the yarn distribution and fiber volume fraction change, which affects the resin impregnation velocity when making composites and the end mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the transverse compressive behavior of cotton yarns and fabrics

Messiry

Eltahan

2023

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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The inherent complexity of textile preforms and a high degree of consistency in dry fabrics and yarns present a number of modeling challenges, including uncertainty in geometrical characteristics under external loads, non-elastic deformations of fibrous media, and multiple deformation modes at the fiber and yarn scales. The prediction of the compaction reaction for different preforms is still possible thanks to the direct measurements of yarn compaction. The data are checked against compression stress-thickness curves that were produced by compacting yarns and preforms. The yarn and fabric compaction model given in this article demonstrates the final characteristics of woven preforms. The yarn compaction curve exhibits asymptotic hardening with a restricted compaction state attained at high compression stress and as the limit deformations are being approached. The yarn count, yarn fiber volume ratio, and the spinning method all affected the compression modulus. The transverse compression behaviour of yarns and fabrics was studied both analytically and experimentally. Mechanisms of fabric compressibility have been found to be reliant on both fabric and yarn specifications of warp and weft Young’s modulus. Investigations were made into the fabric’s fiber volume fraction under compression stress. When producing composite with low fiber volume fraction preforms, it may be more efficient to use more compression, according to research on the link between compressive stress and fabric volume fraction. The relationship between the compressive stress and fabric volume fraction was investigated, as well as the value of maximum compression stress.

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Draping processes for composites manufacture

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Development of a shear forming envelope for carbon fibre non-crimp fabrics

Development of a shear forming envelope for carbon fibre non-crimp fabrics

‘But How Can We Make Something Useful Out of Black String?’ The Development of Carbon Fibre Composites Manufacturing (1965–2015)

Analysis of the transverse compressive behavior of cotton yarns and fabrics

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