Drainage response to active tectonics and evolution of tectonic geomorphology across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust, Kumaun Himalaya

Luirei, Khayingshing; Bhakuni, S. S.; Kothyari, Girish Ch

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.011

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our study area is flanked by the MBT, Sarpduli‐Dhikala Thrust (SDT), Pawalgarh Thrust (PT) and HFT from north to south and deformation of Quaternary landforms associated with the neotectonic activity in the HFT seems widespread in various segments of the Himalaya (Nakata, ; Goswami and Pant, ; Philip et al, ; Luirei et al, ) including fault scarps, uplift and folding of the Late Quaternary deposits at the southern edge of the Siwalik (Nakata, , ; Kumar et al, ). Additionally, development and/or reactivation of the Quaternary faults (parallel or oblique to the intracrustal boundary faults/thrusts) immediately north of the MBT are considered to be responsible for repeated episodes of upliftment, blocking the ancient perennial channels/streams as well as formation/breaching of tectonically formed lakes (e.g.…”

Section: Geomorphic Rejuvenation Within the Siwalikmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The uplift along the PT resulting in the tilting of Quaternary sediments by ca. 10° near Pawalgarh village, incision of Khichari nala and entrenched meandering (Luirei et al, ) and upliftment of nearby Sitabani hill (Nakata, ) have also been ascribed to the neotectonic movements. In the south, the activity on the HFT has earlier been noticed by Nakata (), Valdiya (), Kumar et al () and Luirei et al ().…”

Section: Geomorphic Rejuvenation Within the Siwalikmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10° near Pawalgarh village, incision of Khichari nala and entrenched meandering (Luirei et al, ) and upliftment of nearby Sitabani hill (Nakata, ) have also been ascribed to the neotectonic movements. In the south, the activity on the HFT has earlier been noticed by Nakata (), Valdiya (), Kumar et al () and Luirei et al (). The HFT appears to encompass a series of reverse faults that demarcate the boundary of the Siwalik front with the alluvial expanse of the Indo‐Gangetic Plain and the recent tectonic activity.…”

Section: Geomorphic Rejuvenation Within the Siwalikmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary environment and geomorphic development of the uppermost Siwalik molasse in Kumaun Himalayan Foreland Basin, North India

et al. 2017

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An area of about 250 sq. km. around Ramnagar and Garjiya within the Siwalik molasse in the Kumaun foothills was mapped for geomorphic evolution and sedimentation pattern. The area, bounded by Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) in the south and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the north, consists of the sediments of uppermost part of the Pinjor and overlying Boulder Conglomerate Formations. Sedimentologically, three facies associations (FAA-FAC) were recognized with their order of superposition as FAA → FAB, FAA → FAC, FAB → FAC and FAC → FAB with variability in depositional setting. Lithofacies FAA-FAC were seemingly deposited in sand-dominated fluvial channel belt, gravelly braided channel belt and cut-off channel settings, respectively. The sediment dispersal in the basin was influenced by active basinal tectonics that caused frequent avulsions during the Bounder Bed times. The compositions of the clasts of these lithofacies reveal a shift in the primary provenance from pre-Tertiary Himalayan hinterlands during the emplacement of FAA (of the Pinjor Formation) to evolving frontal Siwalik highlands during the emplacement of FAB and FAC (of the Bouldder Conglomerate Formation). This temporal shift in the provenance indicates exhumation of the older Siwalik sequences during the later phases of Himalayan orogeny. A number of subordinate faults, oblique to above mentioned intracrustal boundary thrusts and formed after the sedimentation was seized, were likely responsible for displacement between the sediments of different associations. The neotectonic rejuvenation is also reflected by the upliftment of two sister basins in opposite direction, rapid uplift in V-shaped valleys, fault escarpments, three levels of terrace development and displacement of rock types along the subordinate faults as well as deflection and entrenchment in the course of lower order streams.

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Section: Geomorphic Rejuvenation Within the Siwalikmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geomorphic Rejuvenation Within the Siwalikmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geomorphic Rejuvenation Within the Siwalikmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary environment and geomorphic development of the uppermost Siwalik molasse in Kumaun Himalayan Foreland Basin, North India

et al. 2017

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“…In the western part of the study area, the Najibabad Fault is present to the south of and nearly parallel to the HFT (Figure ; Goswami & Mishra, , ; Parkash et al, ). Moreover, a number of NW/N/NE–SE/S/SW trending strike‐slip and oblique‐slip faults traverse the area (marked 1–13 in Figure ; Goswami, ; Goswami & Mishra, , ; Goswami & Pant, ; Luirei, Bhakuni, & Kothyari, ; Parkash et al, ; Srivastava, Kulshrestha, & Agarwal, ; Valdiya, ; Valdiya, Rana, Sharma, & Dey, ; Yhokha, Chang, Goswami, Yen, & Lee, ). Except for Unchapul Fault (UF), all the other faults offset the HFT (Goswami, ; Goswami & Mishra, , ; Yhokha et al, ).…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controls of basin margin tectonics on the morphology of alluvial fans in the western Ganga foreland basin's piedmont zone, India

Goswami

2017

Geological Journal

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Six distinct alluvial fans have developed in the western Ganga basin's piedmont zone between the Ganga (aka Ganges) River in the west and the Sarda River in the east. The basin margin is demarked by the active Himalayan Frontal Thrust along which the Siwalik ranges are uplifted and placed over the alluvia of the Ganga basin. The 6 alluvial fans show marked morphological variances, but their morphometric parameters exhibit proportionality relationships with the “mountain‐front sinuosity index (Smf),” “stream‐gradient index (SL),” and “valley‐floor width to height ratio (Vf)” of the adjoining mountain‐front segments. Correlation and regression analyses reveal that these relationships are statistically significant. The size of the fan is directly proportional to the magnitude of Smf and inversely proportional to the magnitude of SL, whereas the fan gradient is inversely proportional to Smf. The higher the Smf and the lower the SL values, the larger and gentler is the alluvial fan. Given that the studied alluvial fans have developed in the same climatic zone and their drainage basins have similar physiographic, geologic, and climatic conditions, the morphological diversities among the alluvial fans are attributed to the tectonics of the basin margin. Moreover, statistical analyses further rule out any significant relationships of the fan size with area, or drainage density of the drainage basin. The lower values of Smf and Vf and higher values of SL indicate a more active nature and, thus, greater/faster uplift of the mountain‐front and expected deepening of the accommodation space in the adjoining basin, which favoured vertical aggradation and development of smaller and steeper alluvial fans. Conversely, the higher values of Smf and Vf and lower values of SL indicate a less active nature and, thus, relatively lower/slower uplift of the mountain‐front and thus creation of shallower accommodation space in the adjoining basin, favouring the development of larger and gentler alluvial fans.

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“…The field evidences of active tectonics include fault scarps, linear valleys, structurally controlled drainage patterns, and deformed Quaternary deposits and landforms (Bull, ; Burbank & Anderson, ; Keller & Pinter, ). Landforms associated with neotectonic activity along the HFT from the east of Ramnagar area were studied by many workers (Goswami & Pant, ; Luirei, Bhakuni, & Kothyari, ; Malik et al, ; Valdiya, Joshi, Sanwal, & Tandon, ). Malik et al () analysed drainage patterns in the frontal part of the Himalaya and their control on active faulting and fault propagation folding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary landform study in Kosi and Dabka river valleys in Kumaun sub‐Himalaya: Implication of reactivation of thrusts

et al. 2019

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Landforms developed along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) zones in Ramnagar area of Kumaun sub-Himalaya are studied. The geomorphic analyses suggest their spatial and temporal relationship with the reactivation of the boundary thrusts, faults, and associated later developed transverse faults. Mapping of geomorphic features and structural analysis of the MBT and HFT established an intimate relationship between thrusting of rocks along these major thrusts and evolution of landforms. The reactivations of the MBT and HFT have resulted in recent rejuvenation of landscapes formed in the thrust zones. In the MBT zone, the swerving of the channels, linear development of elongated depressions, sudden topographic breaks, and presence of relatively fresh-looking escarpments, uplifted present ground surfaces, V-shaped valleys, and occurrence of linear series of dormant and active landslides are observed. Along the Kosi River section, the vertical-dipping Neoproterozoic Lesser Himalayan rocks have overridden the recent landslide debris along the subsidiary steep reverse faults associated with the MBT. The HFT is topographically represented by an escarpment trending ESE-WNW along the Himalayan mountain front. In the HFT zone particularly at Ramnagar area, four levels of terraces are noted, the highest being a strath terrace. The surface trace of the HFT is offset by a transverse N-S trending Ramnagar Fault, which coincides with the course along which Kosi Rver flows. Uplift of the hanging wall block near the HFT has resulted in subsidence of the present ground surface towards the northeast away from the HFT trace. During this process, the transverse streams have vigorously incised the uplifted surfaces. Rivers and streams realigning with the bedrock structure suggest tectonic control on morphology of drainage patterns. Neotectonic activity along the intra-Siwalik thrust has offset a terrace surface into two surfaces that are separated by a fault scarp of about 50 m high. The bedrocks in the HFT region are gentle to steep dipping towards NW/NE/ESE. Both normal and reverse faults are recognized in the bedrocks. The general trend of the lineaments, which are concentrated in the thrust zones, is E-W. Two transverse faults trending nearly N-S cut and offset the HFT. Tectonic activity during the deposition of the Upper Siwalik rocks is evident from the occurrence of liquefaction features. Soft-sediment deformation structures are observed in fine-to medium-grained friable sandstones. These include up-welled structures (with vertical to inclined bedding

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Drainage response to active tectonics and evolution of tectonic geomorphology across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust, Kumaun Himalaya

Cited by 34 publications

References 25 publications

Sedimentary environment and geomorphic development of the uppermost Siwalik molasse in Kumaun Himalayan Foreland Basin, North India

Sedimentary environment and geomorphic development of the uppermost Siwalik molasse in Kumaun Himalayan Foreland Basin, North India

Controls of basin margin tectonics on the morphology of alluvial fans in the western Ganga foreland basin's piedmont zone, India

Quaternary landform study in Kosi and Dabka river valleys in Kumaun sub‐Himalaya: Implication of reactivation of thrusts

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