Drag coefficients for modeling flow through emergent vegetation in the Florida Everglades

Characteristics of surface-water flows in the ridge and slough landscape of Everglades National Park: implications for particulate transport

“…TKE throughout the water column was low and exhibited a decrease with depth below the water surface in sawgrass and in spike rush when surface periphyton mats were absent. When present, surface periphyton may suppress surface oscillations, such as those generated by wind (Lee et al 2004), and inhibit turbulence development just as near surface velocities were reduced in the presence of periphyton during this study (Figure 11; Figure 12). …”

“…Lee et al 2004;Saiers et al 2003), have concluded that other features of the canopy such as dead plant litter and periphyton also exert significant control over vegetative drag and dispersion. Our results corroborate these observations and suggest that future research should focus on developing expressions that describe changes in flow regime due to the presence of periphyton coatings, surface periphyton mats, and litter.…”

“…Lee et al 2004;Saiers et al 2003). These modeling efforts, like those developed for constructed wetlands, reveal the need to accurately describe plant/flow interactions due to factors such as plant density, plant form and dimension, plant rigidity, degree of submergence, and spatial heterogeneity of plant distribution (Jadhav & Buchberger 1995;Stern et al 2001;Lee et al 2004). Until recently, however, most models incorporated only those parameters associated with the permanent vascular plant canopy (i.e.…”

“…As a result, current efforts are underway to develop numerical hydrodynamic models that can simulate surface flows and particle settling as part of Everglades restoration activities (e.g. Lee et al 2004;Saiers et al 2003). These modeling efforts, like those developed for constructed wetlands, reveal the need to accurately describe plant/flow interactions due to factors such as plant density, plant form and dimension, plant rigidity, degree of submergence, and spatial heterogeneity of plant distribution (Jadhav & Buchberger 1995;Stern et al 2001;Lee et al 2004).…”

Integrated Surface-Ground Water Modeling in Wetlands With Improved Methods to Simulate Vegetative Resistance to Flow

“…The influence of the vegetation in flow patterns in this kind of environment has been reported in the literature (e.g. Wilson, 2003, Nepf, 2007, Lee et al, 2004 and even if conventional formulas may be suitable for regional modeling that only need to represent the general flow patterns, any model that aims to simulate local processes needs to be more accurate in the way it represents the flow pattern. Therefore, a coupled surface -subsurface model that uses the complete non-linear 2D Saint-Venant equations and accounts for frictional stresses due to vegetation drag, and integrates with 3D…”