Drag associated with 3D trapped lee waves over an axisymmetric obstacle in two‐layer atmospheres

Abstract

Mountain‐wave drag is evaluated explicitly using linear theory and verified against numerical simulations for the flow of idealized two‐layer atmospheres with piecewise‐constant stratification over an axisymmetric mountain. Static stability is either higher in the bottom layer and lower in the top layer (Scorer's atmosphere) or neutral in the bottom layer and positive in the top layer, separated by a sharp temperature inversion (Vosper's atmosphere). The drag receives contributions from long mountain waves propagating vertically in the upper layer and from short trapped lee waves propagating downstream, either in the lower layer or at the inversion. This trapped lee‐wave drag, which is typically not represented in parametrizations, acts on the atmosphere at low levels. As in flow over a 2D ridge, this drag has several maxima as a function of the height of the interface between the two layers for Scorer's atmosphere and is maximized by a marked Scorer parameter contrast between those layers. In Vosper's atmosphere, there is a single trapped lee‐wave drag maximum for Froude numbers near one, when the wind speed matches the phase speed of the dominant interfacial waves, and this drag is maximized for relatively low interface elevations, for which waves at the inversion have higher amplitude. The 3D flow geometry allows resonant wave modes to have various horizontal orientations and a continuous spectrum, forming a dispersive ‘Kelvin ship wave’ pattern, and expanding the regions in parameter space where the drag is non‐zero relative to 2D flow, but it also decreases the drag magnitude dispersively. Nevertheless, the trapped lee‐wave drag on an axisymmetric obstacle can still equal or exceed the drag associated with vertically propagating waves and the reference hydrostatic drag valid for a uniformly stratified atmosphere.

The dependence of mountain wave reflection on the abruptness of atmospheric profile variations

“…The adopted atmospheric profiles preclude the existence of discrete trapped lee wave modes (Teixeira et al ., ; Teixeira and Miranda, ), which the linear numerical model would have difficulty handling, even if it was extended to non‐hydrostatic conditions.…”

Current Challenges in Orographic Flow Dynamics: Turbulent Exchange Due to Low-Level Gravity-Wave Processes

“…While some efforts to understand the influence of large-amplitude lee waves on wave drag have been undertaken [59][60][61], research devoted to understanding the effects of overturning (within rotors) and the lofting of intense turbulence on vertical exchange, is lacking. In order to begin to structure understanding around this, the anatomy of different types of rotor flow, and the structural complexity present in real lee-wave rotor flows are discussed below.…”

Review of "Characterization of flow recirculation zones in complex terrain using multi-lidar measurements"

“…The word "well" is essential for this passage not to be grossly inaccurate. Linear models, with a structured atmosphere, are capable of predicting lee waves (Teixeira and Miranda, 2017), and can even give qualitative indications about flow channelling and recirculation (Teixeira, 2017). Linear models are almost the only way to obtain systematic scalings for the flow variables, and that should be recognized more in this passage.…”