Community-associated acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
has significantly increased in recent years, necessitating greater inquiry into potential exposure routes, including food and water sources. In high-income countries, drinking water is often neglected as a possible source of community exposure to antibiotic-resistant organisms. We screened coliform-positive tap water samples (n = 483) from public and private water systems in six states of the United States for
bla
CTX-M
,
bla
SHV
,
bla
TEM
,
bla
KPC
,
bla
NDM
, and
bla
OXA-48
-type genes by multiplex PCR. Positive samples were subcultured to isolate organisms harboring ESBL or carbapenemase genes. Thirty-one samples (6.4%) were positive for
bla
CTX-M
, ESBL-type
bla
SHV
or
bla
TEM
, or
bla
OXA-48
-type carbapenemase genes, including at least one positive sample from each state. ESBL and
bla
OXA-48
-type
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates included
E. coli, Kluyvera
,
Providencia
,
Klebsiella
, and
Citrobacter
species. The
bla
OXA-48
-type genes were also found in non-fermenting Gram-negative species, including
Shewanella, Pseudomonas
and
Acinetobacter
. Multiple isolates were phenotypically non-susceptible to third-generation cephalosporin or carbapenem antibiotics. These findings suggest that tap water in high income countries could serve as an important source of community exposure to ESBL and carbapenemase genes, and that these genes may be disseminated by non-
Enterobacteriaceae
that are not detected as part of standard microbiological water quality testing.