Dr. Rackley et al. reply:

Traumatic brain injury, working memory-related neural processing, and alcohol experimentation behaviors in youth from the ABCD cohort

“…Epidemiology research conducted in the United States over a six-year period found that for children younger than 15 years of age, that yearly there were approximately 2685 TBI-related deaths, 37,000 hospitalizations, and 435,000 emergency department visits; children ages 0–4 accounted for the largest quantity of TBI events and TBI-related hospital visits compared to children ages 5–9 and 10–14 ( Langlois et al, 2006 ). Notably, estimates from a large British Columbian youth sample (40,000), suggest approximately 12% of adolescents have experienced a TBI and 4% have had 2 or more TBIs in the past year (mean age 14.9; Rackley et al, 2017 ). As such, adolescents and young adults experience some of the highest rates of TBI-related emergency room visits in North America.…”