Dr. H.G. Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs.

Phylogeny of Leeches (Hirudinea) Based on Mitochondrial CytochromecOxidase Subunit I

“…There is precedent for this notion. Autrum (1936) depicted this arrangement of taxa in his consideration of leech phylogeny, although he grouped H. marginata with the piscicolids. Moreover, Sawyer (1986) has noted that, whereas A. peledina does not have a full-length proboscis per se, its pharynx is indeed protrusible for the purpose of feeding from the surface of fishes that it parasitizes.…”

Coexistence of Placobdella costata (Fr. Müller, 1846) (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae) and mud turtle Emys orbicularis

“…It occurs along the European Mediterranean coast (from the Pyrennean Peninsula to the Balkan Peninsula) and the Black Sea coast (Paw lowski 1968). It was also recorded from the former Czechoslovakia (Lukin 1976) and Yugoslavia (Sket 1968;Soós 1969;Augener 1925;Sapkarev 1964Sapkarev , 1975, Germany (Paw lowski 1936(Paw lowski , 1968, Hungary (Sawyer 1986), Romania (Sket 1968;Zinevici 1971), Bulgaria (Augener 1925;Arndt 1943;Autrum 1936;Russev & Janeva 1976;Bielecki & Tarnawski 1980), Greece and Albania (Sawyer 1986). It is common also in Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (Sawyer 1986).…”

“…In the 20 th century, with increasing devastation of natural habitats, and especially disappearance of large marshy areas, the species started to recede rapidly. Climate seems to con-732 A. Bielecki et al (Jab loński 1992a, b;Fritz 1998Fritz , 2000Lenk et al 1999) and records of P. costata (circles) (Augener 1925;Autrum 1932Autrum , 1936Paw lowski 1936;Arndt 1943;Sapkarev 1964Sapkarev , 1975Paw lowski 1968;Sket 1968;Soós 1969;Zinevici 1971;Lukin 1976;Russev & Janeva 1976;Sawyer 1986;Bielecki & Tarnawski 1980). Jab loński 1992b;Zemanek 1992;Najbar 2008) and localities of P. costata (Paw lowski 1968;Dastych 1967;Kufel 1969;Kasprzak 1972;Radkiewicz 1972;Sandner & Wilkialis 1972;Wilkialis 1964Wilkialis , 1970aWilkialis , b, 1971Wilkialis , 1973Agapow 1975Agapow , 1976Agapow , 1977aHajduk et al 1978;Hajduk & Hajduk 1979a, b;Hajduk 1980;Hajduk et al 1980;Najbar 2008) in Poland. tribute additionally to this situation; on the northern distribution border it is one of the factors that seriously limit the population density (M lynarski 1971).…”

Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 11/2006

“…The Russian zoologist described A. peledina as a "living fossil" leech that is an early offspring of the line of descent (with modifications) that led over millions of years to the Euhirudinea. Autrum (1936) considered A. peledina as the most primitive living leech species that represents a connecting link between the Oligochaeta and the Euhirudinea. This conclusion was also reached by Sawyer (1986 a, b), who interpreted A. peledina as a "living fossil (or relict) of special phylogenetic interest" that "connects leeches to oligochaetes".…”

“…However, this pioneer in annelid research coined a key term that is still in use today. He introduced the taxon (class) Clitellata, which was comprised of the orders Oligochaeta and Hirudinea (inclusive of Acanthobdella and the Branchobdellidae) (Autrum 1936;Sawyer 1986 a, b;Mc Hugh 2000). Today we know that Michaelsen's clitellates are a monophyletic group of segmented worms.…”