“…Common chemotherapy drugs are gemcitabine, docetaxel, pemetrexed, paclitaxel, and some platinums, including cisplatin, carboplatin, and some nedaplatin. While, due to the drug resistance of some tumors, chemotherapy drugs cannot successfully achieve the expected effect of tumor treatment, so some combination therapy through chemotherapeutic sensitizing agent [such as, lonidamine (86)(87)(88)(89)(90), poloxamers, silibinin (91)], immune checkpoint inhibitors [such as PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors (92)], enzyme related inhibitors [such as ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors, crizotinib (93)], as well as other tumor-related inhibitors have become a research hotspot. High atomic element (Z) nanomaterials, such as bismuth (Z=83), gold (Z=79), tungsten (Z=74), tantalum (Z=73), hafnium (Z=72), tellurium (Z=52), silver (Z=47), are capable of increasing the production of secondary and Auger electrons, which in turn increases the generated ROS and enhances the deposition of radiation.…”