Downregulation of NDR1 contributes to metastasis of prostate cancer cells via activating epithelial‐mesenchymal transition

Abstract

The 5‐year survival rate decreases rapidly once the prostate cancer has invaded distant organs, although patients with localized prostate cancer have a good prognosis. In recent years, increasing numbers of reports showed that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may play an important role in tumor metastasis and they have stronger potential of invasion and migration compared with their parental cells. In our previous investigation, we isolated CTCs from prostate cancer cell lines PC3. In this study, we found a novel antimetastasis gene NDR1 by analyzing different gene expression between CTCs and PC3. Lower NDR1 gene and protein expression were found in both prostate cancer cell lines and clinical specimens. Besides, NDR1 function acting as metastasis inhibitor was discovered both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we also discovered that several epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related genes were upregulated when decreased NDR1 in PC3 cell lines. Therefore, our results revealed a role of NDR1 in the suppression of prostate cancer cell metastasis and provided a potential mechanism of action, thus offering new therapeutic strategies against prostate cancer metastasis.

MMP9 and TYROBP affect the survival of circulating tumor cells in clear cell renal cell carcinoma by adapting to tumor immune microenvironment

“…In this study, we used in vivo selection method to construct CTC cells according to previous reports 16 , 17 (Fig. 9 A).…”

Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition may be involved in the immune evasion of circulating gastric tumor cells via downregulation of ULBP1

“…In this process, CTCs undergo a phenotypic change termed epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which the cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype and thus become more aggressive and invasive . Moreover, researchers have proposed that EMT might provide CTCs with increased potential to survive in the different microenvironments encountered during metastasis through various ways, such as by enhancing metastatic competence, by increasing cell survival and early colonization, by promoting the formation of specific protective cytoskeletal structures and clusters of CTCs, and by promoting immune evasion . However, despite extensive experimental data, the exact role of EMT remains unclear, particularly regarding CTC immune evasion in the peripheral bloodstream.…”

Prognostic and Immunological Role of STK38 across Cancers: Friend or Foe?

“…However, a high STK38 expression was correlated with a poor clinical outcome, particularly in patients with LGG, gastric cancer and liver cancer, based on the Kaplan–Meier analysis. Past studies have reported that the STK38 expression was higher in primary prostate cancer than it was in metastasis cancer, and that it could be a potential tissue biomarker during tumor progression [ 20 ]. These results indicate that STK38 is a promising biomarker to estimate the clinical outcome of cancer patients.…”

“…On the contrary, STK38 could reduce the proliferation and colony formation of glioblastomas [ 19 ]. STK38 was also discovered to inhibit the metastasis of prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo [ 20 ].…”