“…In the adulthood, VO causes fibrosis, hypertrophy, and angiogenesis ( 9 , 10 ); additionally, in the pre-pubetal stage, VO interrupts cardiomyocyte maturation and reactive cell cycle ( 17 , 18 ). Current data show that at the neonatal stage, VO induces immune responses, suggesting that immune responses may be an initiating factor for neonatal cardiac remodeling under the influence of VO and immunosuppressants may be used to prevent neonatal RV remodeling, ultimately leading to RV dysfunction.…”