“Down in the Sewers”: Perceptions of Depression and Depression Care Among African American Men

Hudson, Darrell; Eaton, James A.; Banks, Andrae; Sewell, Whitney; Neighbors, Harold W.

doi:10.1177/1557988316654864

Cited by 60 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Our finding at least partially supports the Minorities' Diminished Return hypothesis [1,2,6], defined as the systemically smaller health effects of the same SES indicators for Blacks than Whites [10,22,60,61]. Similar to the smaller effects of education on SRH, educational attainment shows smaller effects on drinking patterns [4], BMI [62], insomnia, physical activity [4], depression [5], suicidal behaviors [60], and mortality [10] for Blacks than Whites.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Not only do Blacks gain less than Whites from SES but having high SES as a Black may be a risk factor for poor mental health outcomes [3,5,6,25,60,[63][64][65]. For example, highly educated and high-income Blacks are shown likely to be repressed and, compared with Whites, are at a higher risk of an increase in symptoms of depression over time [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial Variation in the Association between Educational Attainment and Self-Rated Health

Assari

2018

Societies

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Background: Minorities' Diminished Return theory can be defined as the systematically smaller effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on the health and well-being of minority populations compared to Whites. To test whether Minorities' Diminished Return theory holds for self-rated health (SRH), we investigated Black-White differences in the effects of education and income on SRH. Methods: Data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 was used. HINTS 2017 (n = 3217) is a nationally cross-sectional survey of American adults. The current analysis included 2277 adults who were either Whites (n = 1868; 82%) or Blacks (n = 409; 18%). Education and income were the independent variables. Poor/fair SRH was the dependent variable. Covariates included age, gender, obesity, and health behaviors (smoking and exercise). Race was the focal moderator. We ran logistic regressions in the overall sample, with and without race by SES (education and income) interactions. Results: Higher education was associated with lower risk of poor/fair SRH in the pooled sample. We found an interaction between race and education, but not race and income, in relation to SRH, suggesting a stronger association for Whites than Blacks. Conclusions: Minorities' Diminished Return theory is also relevant to the effects of educational attainment on SRH. The relative disadvantage of Blacks compared to Whites in gaining SRH from educational attainment may reflect structural racism that systemically hinders Blacks. There is a need for additional research on specific societal barriers that minimize Blacks' health gain from their SES resources. Policies and programs should help Black individuals leverage their SES resources.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Variation in the Association between Educational Attainment and Self-Rated Health

Assari

2018

Societies

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“…We used self-reported symptoms instead of professional diagnoses because obtaining diagnoses is prohibitively timeconsuming and expensive and would require a licensed psychiatric professional or medical record with diagnoses. Arguably, this decision sacrifices quality for quantity and raises questions about the validity of our findings to the extent that men, especially black men, are less forthcoming about depressive symptoms than are women (Hudson et al 2018;Seidler et al 2016). It is not clear, however, how much these disparities in self-reporting manifested in the data sets we used.…”

Section: Methods Data and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 94%

Intersectionality, Depression, and Voter Turnout

Ojeda

Slaughter

2019

Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law

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Context: This article untangles the effects of depression on voter turnout among blacks and whitesand among women and men and considers several factors-income, health insurance, church attendance, group consciousness, and empowerment-that may mitigate the negative effects of depression on turnout. Methods: The authors estimated regression models of voter turnout on depression across race and gender groups using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. They used interaction terms to assess whether the effect of depression is conditional on the potential mitigating factors. Findings: Reporting increased depressive symptoms was associated with a lower probability of voting across electoral contexts for all respondents, and few factors mitigated this negative effect. Only in the case of black men did the authors find that a coethnic candidate mitigated the negative effect of depression, while a higher level of group consciousness did the opposite. Conclusions: The effect of depression was strong, cut across racial and gender groups, and was generally robust to the effects of income, health insurance, church attendance, group consciousness, and empowerment. More research is required to understand how to reduce depression and improve turnout among those who experience it.

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“…In a study of stigma among African American mental health consumers, participants suggested that seeking support from accepting members of their existing social networks was an effective strategy for dealing with stigma (Alvidrez et al 2008). Closely related research has shown that African American men desire to discuss their stress experience in support groups, but emphasize that the support groups be non-judgmental (Hudson et al 2016). Acceptance of one's emotional support needs amongst his or her social network members is imperative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, masculinity norms among African American males promote emotional suppression. In essence, expressed efforts toward emotional coping is perceived to be a sign of "weakness" (Hudson et al 2016). Practice of prolonged internalized emotional coping strategies has been observed to adversely impact African Americans' mental health and well-being.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Can I Turn To? Emotional Support Availability in African American Social Networks

et al. 2017

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African Americans disproportionately experience psychological distress, such as feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness and are disproportionately exposed to risk factors associated with mental illness, such as racial discrimination, violence and poverty. To effectively address African Americans' mental health needs, it is imperative to identify who African Americans turn to when they experience stressors. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which emotional support is provided within African Americans' social networks and determine the characteristics of social network members who African Americans rely upon for emotional support. Results indicate that African Americans rely on social network members for spiritual and physical health support more so than emotional support. Among both male and female participants, social network members were significantly more likely to be relied upon for emotional support if they were a non-familial network contact, had a close relationship to the participant, and if they also were someone the participant spoke to about his or her physical health. Findings have implications for the development of culturally-sensitive strategies for increasing emotional support provision within African Americans' social networks.

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“Down in the Sewers”: Perceptions of Depression and Depression Care Among African American Men

Cited by 60 publications

References 72 publications

Racial Variation in the Association between Educational Attainment and Self-Rated Health

Racial Variation in the Association between Educational Attainment and Self-Rated Health

Intersectionality, Depression, and Voter Turnout

Who Can I Turn To? Emotional Support Availability in African American Social Networks

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