Doubly charged cluster ions [(NaCl)m(Na)2]2+: magic numbers, dissociation, and structure

Zhang, Duxi; Cooks, R. Graham

doi:10.1016/s1387-3806(99)00184-0

Cited by 76 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…However, it still provides enough energy to eject neutral (CsI) n units generating doubly charged mass-stripped product clusters (the doubly charged products still have large enough masses to be stable product clusters). Previous CID studies published by Cooks and coworkers [55] on doubly charged NaI cluster systems have also revealed a similar fragmentation pattern, where high-mass NaI clusters predominantly dissociated by loss of neutral NaI units and low-mass clusters dissociated by charge splitting. For these experiments we propose that SID deposits higher internal energy into the projectile ion, enabling it to overcome the energy barrier for the fission process.…”

Section: Csi Clusterssupporting

confidence: 57%

Surface-induced dissociation shows potential to be more informative than collision-induced dissociation for structural studies of large systems

Wysocki

Jones

Galhena

et al. 2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

103

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The ability to preserve noncovalent, macromolecular assemblies intact in the gas phase has paved the way for mass spectrometry to characterize ions of increasing size and become a powerful tool in the field of structural biology. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments have the potential to expand the capabilities of this technique through the gas-phase dissociation of macromolecular complexes, but collisions with small gas atoms currently provide very limited fragmentation. One alternative for dissociating large ions is to collide them into a surface, a more massive target. Here, we demonstrate the ability and benefit of fragmenting large protein complexes and inorganic salt clusters by surface-induced dissociation (SID), which provides more extensive fragmentation of these systems and shows promise as an activation method for ions of increasing size. ver the past two to three decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has expanded significantly, from its early use as a technique for measuring the isotopes of elements and analyzing volatile compounds, to a technique that is now routinely used to study nonvolatile molecules and large macromolecular complexes. Increasingly, mass spectrometry and ion mobility/mass spectrometry are described as structural biology tools. Mass spectrometry has recently provided insights on posttranslational modifications [1], mono-and polydisperse subunit stoichiometry [2], subunit organization [3,4], and noncovalent protein-ligand binding sites [5]. In addition to revealing structural information, mass spectrometry can be used to monitor dynamic processes, such as protein complex assembly [6], protein-substrate and protein-protein interactions [7,8], and substratespecific conformational changes [9].One of the limitations of current technology, however, is the fact that commercial instrumentation is still hampered by the amount of dissociation that can be induced from large biomolecular complexes. Often, MS has to be combined with many solution-based experiments (H/D exchange plus digestion, chemical crosslinking plus digestion, limited proteolysis, solution disruption by changes in ionic strength) because the MS instruments commercially available do not provide extensive dissociation of these massive complexes. A typical dissociation result that is achieved is ejection of a monomer subunit as illustrated here (Figure 1) for a small heat shock protein (sHSP) dodecamer, consisting of 12 subunits each weighing 16.9 kDa [8,10,11]. The 16.9 kDa monomer typically carries away a large percentage of the charge of the original complex with the remainder of the charge on the 11-mer that weighs 186 kDa. Investigators have concluded that this behavior, which has been observed by several research groups for many different noncovalent protein complexes, happens because the low-energy collisions with a gas initiate unfolding of one of the protein subunits [12][13][14]. As this subunit unfolds, it gains surface area, thus allowing it to accept more charge. Eventually, when the unfolding protein and the remainde...

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Section: Csi Clusterssupporting

confidence: 57%

Surface-induced dissociation shows potential to be more informative than collision-induced dissociation for structural studies of large systems

Wysocki

Jones

Galhena

et al. 2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

103

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“…Charge separation reactions have also been studied with other forms of instrumentation, such as triple-quadrupole 83 and ion trapping mass spectrometers. 84 These tools, however, are insensitive to product ion kinetic energies.…”

Section: 61mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…93 Furthermore, doubly charged cluster ions have also been subjected to study by charge separation mass spectrometry and possible structures of such clusters have been proposed. 84,94,95 Reaction ( Electron transfer reactions (charge transfer and charge exchange are other commonly used terms for this class of reactions) are among the most common in all of chemistry and there is a long history of the study of such reactions in mass spectrometry. No attempt is made here to review this enormous body of work.…”

Section: 61mentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge permutation reactions in tandem mass spectrometry

McLuckey

2004

J. Mass Spectrom.

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Central to the tandem mass spectrometry experiment is the process that gives rise to product ions, i.e. the reaction intermediate to stages of mass analysis. Changes in mass or charge of the parent ion (or both) are generally readily detected by all forms of tandem mass spectrometry. Charge changing, or charge permutation, reactions have a long history in mass spectrometry. However, with the advent of new ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization, and the expansion of tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation to include ion trapping instruments, the past decade has seen a major increase in the types of charge permutation reactions that can be studied. Most charge permutation reactions involve electrons or protons as the charge mediating agents. This report, therefore, provides an overview of charge permutation reactions involving protons or electrons. Particular emphasis is placed on processes that involve interactions of precursor ions with gaseous neutral species, electrons or oppositely charged ions. Charge permutation reactions involving electron gain/loss are described first according to a rough order of the energy required for the reaction beginning with the most endoergic reactions and ending with the most exoergic reactions. An analogous approach is then taken with charge permutation reactions involving proton gain/loss. Important charge permutation reactions discussed herein, among others, include those referred to as charge inversion, charge stripping, electron capture dissociation, collision-induced ionization and charge separation. These reaction types, and others described herein, are the subjects of active research and are also finding use in many current areas of application.

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“…Examples include nucleobases [4 -6] and nucleosides (as well as their derivatives) [7][8][9], and amino acids [10,11]. A particular feature of alkali metal adducts of small molecular clusters is that they often have a net positive charge and can be characterized by mass spectrometry, a technology that has proven to be key in many studies of clusters [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].Electrospray ionization (ESI) [20,21] is a versatile ionization technique, which allows biological macromolecules, fragile noncovalently bound complexes [22][23][24][25][26], and other fragile nonvolatile species to be easily transferred from solution into the gas-phase, where mass spectral data can be obtained on the resulting ions. Although the possibility exists of conformational rearrangement [27,28] and other structural changes during the ESI process, there is overwhelming evidence that electrospray ionization is successful in the characterization of solution-phase species via a study of the corresponding gas-phase ions [24,26].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkali metal-cationized serine clusters studied by sonic spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Nanita

Sokol

Cooks

2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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, or Cs ϩ therefore represent a new type of cluster ion that is homochiral in its internal subunits, which then assemble in a random fashion to form octamers. We tentatively interpret the homochirality of these tetramers as a consequence of assembly of the serine molecules around a central metal ion. The data provide additional evidence that the neutral serine octamer is homochiral and is readily cationized by smaller ions. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2007, 18, 856 -868) © 2007 American Society for Mass Spectrometry C ations of the alkali metals, especially Na ϩ and K ϩ , are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. To take just one example, they participate in the stabilization of noncovalently bound complexes of biological macromolecules in living organisms. In particular, telomeric DNA found at the ends of chromosomes is stabilized by forming multistrand complexes, known as G-quadruplexes, which are held together by hydrogen bonds and further stabilized by the incorporation of alkali metal cations into cavities in their structures [1][2][3]. Mass spectrometry [1], nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography and other spectroscopic techniques have shown that small biomolecules can also form relatively stable clusters with alkali metal cations. Examples include nucleobases [4 -6] and nucleosides (as well as their derivatives) [7][8][9], and amino acids [10,11]. A particular feature of alkali metal adducts of small molecular clusters is that they often have a net positive charge and can be characterized by mass spectrometry, a technology that has proven to be key in many studies of clusters [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].Electrospray ionization (ESI) [20,21] is a versatile ionization technique, which allows biological macromolecules, fragile noncovalently bound complexes [22][23][24][25][26], and other fragile nonvolatile species to be easily transferred from solution into the gas-phase, where mass spectral data can be obtained on the resulting ions. Although the possibility exists of conformational rearrangement [27,28] and other structural changes during the ESI process, there is overwhelming evidence that electrospray ionization is successful in the characterization of solution-phase species via a study of the corresponding gas-phase ions [24,26]. Spray ionization methods derived from the original ESI method include sonic spray ionization (SSI) [29,30] and cold spray ionization (CSI) [31,32]. Recently, electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI) [33,34], a combination of ESI and SSI, was introduced. This particular spray ionization method is very gentle, yet readily yields fully desolvated ions [33,34]. The variant methods SSI, CSI, and ESSI are all believed to provide gentler ionization than normal electrospray, allowing labile species that exist in solution to survive the ionization process as well as being applicable to nonvolatile analytes.The droplet evaporation process in the gentle variant methods on ESI can lead to even more aggregation than occurs in ESI itself. This tendency has been fo...

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Doubly charged cluster ions [(NaCl)m(Na)2]2+: magic numbers, dissociation, and structure

Cited by 76 publications

References 50 publications

Surface-induced dissociation shows potential to be more informative than collision-induced dissociation for structural studies of large systems

Surface-induced dissociation shows potential to be more informative than collision-induced dissociation for structural studies of large systems

Charge permutation reactions in tandem mass spectrometry

Alkali metal-cationized serine clusters studied by sonic spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

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