Double Stigma and Boundary Maintenance

Kowalewski, Mark R.

doi:10.1177/089124188017002004

Cited by 59 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although HIV-related stigma has been described in terms of a ''double stigma'' (Kowalewski, 1988), the findings provided a mixed result on the question of whether having two sources of stigma results in a significant increase in the overall level of stigmatization. Two results were in support of this proposition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Stigmatization of AIDS Patients: Disentangling Thai Nursing Students’ Attitudes Towards HIV/AIDS, Drug Use, and Commercial Sex

et al. 2007

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This paper analyzes the interrelationships between the stigma of HIV/AIDS stigma and the co-stigmas of commercial sex (CS) and injecting drug use (IDU). Students of a Bangkok nursing college (N=144) were presented with vignettes describing a person varying in the disease diagnoses (AIDS, leukemia, no disease) and co-characteristics (IDU, CS, blood transfusion, no co-characteristic). For each vignette, participants completed a social distance measure assessing their attitudes towards the hypothetical person portrayed. Multivariate analyses showed strong interactions between the stigmas of AIDS and IDU but not between AIDS and CS. Although AIDS was shown to be stigmatizing in and of itself, it was significantly less stigmatizing than IDU. The findings highlight the need to consider the non-disease-related stigmas associated with HIV as well as the actual stigma of HIV/AIDS in treatment and care settings. Methodological strengths and limitations were evaluated and implications for future research discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Stigmatization of AIDS Patients: Disentangling Thai Nursing Students’ Attitudes Towards HIV/AIDS, Drug Use, and Commercial Sex

et al. 2007

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“…In the first phase, female CSWs were selected using a snowball sampling approach [32]. This is the most efficient method of recruiting hidden and hard-to-reach populations such as CSWs in Tanzania who are prosecuted and harassed by local authorities.…”

Section: Phase 1: To Examine the Knowledge And Practices About Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Sex Work, Survival Sex, Sexual Violence and HIV/AIDS Prevention in Arumeru District, Arusha Region Of Tanzania

Renzaho

Pallotta‐Chiarolli

2009

TOTMJ

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Abstract:Objective: To examine the knowledge and practices about HIV/AIDS among female Tanzanian commercial sex workers (CSWs) and assess the contextual dynamics that prevent safer sexual behaviours. Method:The study used mixed methods and was implemented in two phases. Phase one assessed the knowledge and practices about HIV/AIDS among CSWs. Data were obtained with 54 CSWs, who were selected by using a snowball sampling approach. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with the CSWs were undertaken to allow the research participants to describe and discuss their lived realities as they perceive and experience them. In phase two, three discrete focus group discussions, each comprising 6-10 women, were carried out with 26 of the 54 CSWs who were interviewed in phase one. Results:There was exploitation and inequity in the women's lives due to the multiple and overlapping oppressions of poverty and patriarchy. Sexual violence was framed, legitimised and reinforced by structural and cultural inequities. Such exploitation impacted not only on CSWs' lives as sex workers, but on their previous and/or simultaneous lives as mothers, wives, girlfriends and daughters. The women practised 'survival sex' as CSWs and/or sexual partners of men, and experienced sexual violence from their clients/partners. This violence was either culturally legitimised within a patriarchal framework or manifested itself as 'displaced aggressive sex' by men experiencing marginalisation in socio-economic spheres. Conclusion:Government health policies and criminal laws regarding sex work, violence against sex workers and domestic/sexual violence against all women need to be critiqued and consistently implemented. Addressing the 'survival sex' of women in Tanzania cannot occur without addressing what the authors call the 'displaced aggressive sex' of men.

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“…Typical providers of support (family and friends) may not be as available for HIV-positive individuals as for others seeking support because of fear or stigma. Throughout the history of the AIDS epidemic, people infected with HIV have been the targets of intensely negative public reactions (DesJarlais et al, 1985;Herek & Glunt, 1988;Kowalewski, 1988). Public opinion and attitudes toward those infected with HIV are based on negative stereotypes, which may lead family members and friends to withdraw support (Goodwin & Roscoe, 1988;Gray & Saracino, 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%