Double Modification of Electrode Surface for the Selective Detection of Epinephrine and Its Application to Flow Injection Amperometric Analysis

Abstract

A glassy carbon electrode having two polymer layers has been applied to selectively detect epinephrine. The inner layer formed by electropolymerization of macrocyclic nickel complex functioned as an electrocatalyst for epinephrine oxidation and the outer layer composed of hydrolyzed polyurethane g-benzyl l-glutamate as a screening layer. Differential pulse voltammetry showed almost 100% recovery of epinephrine even in 100-fold excess of interferents. When applied to a dual glassy carbon electrode as an amperometric detector in flow injection analysis, a linear response over 0.1 mM and 10 mM was obtained. Recovery tested for 5-fold diluted human urine samples was 97.5%.

Superoxide Dismutase Based Biosensor for the Electrochemical Determination of Epinephrine

“…The biosensor was washed with purified water, before and after use. Scheme procedure used to electrodeposition, AFM characterization and Acronyms: 1 molecularly imprinted polymer arrays electrode, 2 screen printed mesoporous carbon electrode, 3 poly(brilliant cresyl blue glassy carbon electrode, 4 multi walled carbon nanotubes modified basal plane pyrolitic graphite electrode, 5 Au thiol Schiff base self-assembled monolayer modified electrode, 6 mercaptopropionic acid, gold nanoparticles and cystamine modified gold bare electrode, 7 caffeic acid and glassy carbon electrode, 8 poly-fuchsine acid film Au nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode, 9 carbon nanotube-chitosan biopolymer nanocomposite electrode, 10 multi walled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline doped with metal oxide (TiO 2 , RuO 2 ) nanoparticles electrodes, 11 layered double Zn-Al hydroxide film modified glassy carbon electrode, 12 graphene Au nanocomposites, 13 poly ferulic on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode, 14 glassy carbon electrode with two inner polymer layers of macrocyclic nickel complex and outer of polyurethane g-benzyl l-glutamate, 15 nanoporous thin Au films deposited on a highly ordered anodic aluminum oxide electrode, 16 mesoporous carbon foam dispersed in Salep solution modified glassy carbon electrode, 17 carbon paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes 18 Au modified Ag sponge electrode, 19 Au nanoparticles, poly(ionic liquids, polypyrrole nanotubes graphite carbon electrodes hybrids, 20 carbon film electrode multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified in a chitosan matrix, 21 TX-100 surfactant on bare carbon electrode, 22 thiodipropionoc acid, cysteamine and gold nanoparticles modified gold pure electrodes with self-assembled monolayers, 23 TiO 2 -Au multi walled carbon nanotubes reduced graphene, graphite carbon composite electrode, 24 gamma irradiated sodium dodecyl sulfate, tungsten trioxide nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrodes, 25 multiwalled carbon nanotube-Nafion tyrosinase electrode, 26 Oxidized Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns o-SWCNHs)/SPE.…”

“…Since electrochemical behavior of EPI displays an irreversible autoxidation that blocks the electrode surface [14], and to overcome interferences; modified electrodes had been proposed [4,8,[14][15][16]. Some of the electrode modifications are shown in TABLE 1 [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The preferable electroanalytical techniques used for EPI analysis are differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), followed by cyclic voltammetry (CV).…”

“…The preferable electroanalytical techniques used for EPI analysis are differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), followed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Only a few use amperometric techniques [10,15,18,21,22], with only two based in SPEs [18,33]. Outstanding previous electrodes modifications are very complicated is proposed a new biosensor for EPI in which SPCE sensitivity and performance for EPI determination is achieved by using superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) immobilized onto a SPC TTF E modified with palladium NPs (PdNPs).…”