Double-Mode Miniature Cantilever-Type Ultrasonic Motor Using Lead-Free Array-Type Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramics

Abstract

We compute the massless five-point amplitude of open superstrings using the non-minimal pure spinor formalism and obtain a simple kinematic factor in pure spinor superspace, which can be viewed as the natural extension of the kinematic factor of the massless four-point amplitude. It encodes bosonic and fermionic external states in supersymmetric form and reduces to existing bosonic amplitudes when expanded in components, therefore proving their equivalence. We also show how to compute the kinematic structures involving fermionic states.

Introduction of measurement techniques in ultrasonic electronics: Basic principles and recent trends

“…Moreover, ultrasonic vibration itself can be converted into rotation or translational movement for use in motors that deliver a high torque at a low speed (e.g., modeling and performance improvement of ultrasonic motors, and novel actuators combining ultrasonic motors with other techniques). [347][348][349][350][351][352] High-intensity ultrasound emitted in air (airborne ultrasound) is also utilized as a tool with great potential for the nondestructive detection of defects in solid materials (e.g., the development of detection techniques and transducers). [353][354][355][356][357][358] …”

An underwater propulsion system with (Bi,Na,Ba) (Ti, Mn)O3 transducer

“…1) However, due to the PZT material characteristics, the transducer has some disadvantages, such as with the increase of vibration velocity, the temperature rises rapidly, the quality factor drops, the stiffness drops and so on, which are unfavorable to the underwater propulsion system that needs steady and continuous propulsion. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] In addition, PZT transducer is harmful to the human body and the environment because it contains lead.…”

Properties of Miniature Cantilever-Type Ultrasonic Motor Using Lead-Free Array-Type Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramics of (Sr,Ca)2NaNb5O15 under High Input Power

“…25,26) In addition, lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been applied to ultrasonic cleaners and miniature ultrasonic motors in high-power ultrasonic applications. 23,[27][28][29] As a pioneer work, we succeeded in realizing a miniature cantilever-type ultrasonic motor using lead-free multilayer piezoelectric ceramics (MLPC) of SCNN. [27][28][29] In particular, by using array-type multilayer piezoelectric ceramics (A-MLPC) of SCNN, the lead-free motor was able to rotate by a lithium-ion cell used in mobile equipment without an amplifier circuit.…”