Double HEVC Compression Detection with Different Bitrates Based on Co-occurrence Matrix of PU Types and DCT Coefficients

Abstract

Abstract. Detection of double video compression is of particular importance in video forensics, as it reveals partly the video processing history. In this paper, a double compression method is proposed for HEVC-the latest video coding standard. Firstly, four 5×5 co-occurrence matrixes were derived from DCT coefficients along four directions respectively, i.e., horizontal, vertical, main diagonal and minor diagonal. Then four 4×4 co-occurrence matrixes were derived from PU types which are innovative features of HEVC and rarely been utilized by researchers. Finally, these two feature set are combined and sent to support vector machine (SVM) to detect re-compressed videos. In order to reduce the feature dimension, only the co-occurrence matrixes of DCT coefficients and PU types in horizontal direction are adopted to identify whether the video has undergone double compression. Experimental results show the effectiveness and the robustness against frame deletion of the proposed scheme.

HEVC double compression detection under different bitrates based on TU partition type

“…To the best of our knowledge, only PU number was investigated in ref. [12][13][14][15] for detecting HEVC double compression. The effectiveness of PU number in detecting HEVC double compression motivates us to explore another unique feature, i.e., TU.…”

“…That mainly lies in the fact that they captured characteristics of videos from different aspects. When combined with features from other kinds of syntactic structures of HEVC (e.g., HPP [14]), it can also improve the original performance. Table 7 The parameters used for training libSVM for feature set HPP [15], TUHPP, DCT136 [11], and TUDCT136 on QCIF video dataset Table 8 The parameters used for training libSVM for feature set HPP [15], TUHPP, DCT136 [11], and TUDCT136 on CIF video dataset Other than borrowing ideas from double compression in other video standards and develop new methods that are universal to all/several kinds of video standards, researchers can also put some efforts on digging methods from the unique characteristic of HEVC.…”

“…Apart from the PU number used in ref. [12][13][14][15] and TU partition types employed in this paper, there are many other interesting and promising characteristics of HEVC, such as the inter and intra prediction mode of PU and the merge type of PU in P frames. Our future work will be focused on utilizing these unique characteristics of HEVC to detect double compression.…”

“…There has been some research works engaged in HEVC double compression detection with designated bitrate. Li et al [14] proposed a 164-D (dimension) feature set based on co-occurrence matrix of PU types and DCT coefficients of I frame. Liang et al [15] proposed a 25-D feature set based on the histogram of PU partition types of P frame.…”

“…The mean value (MEAN) of detection accuracy of HPP[14] and TUHPP The median value (MED) of detection accuracy of HPP[14] and TUHPP Yu et al EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing (2019) 2019:67…”