Double connections in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

A suggested new surgical classification for mixed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection

“…The indications of pre-operative catheterization in most studies were the anatomy being unresolved by echocardiography, the need to characterize pulmonary venous obstruction, or the exclusion of major associated cardiac anomalies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][19][20][21][23][24][25][26][27]29,30,[32][33][34][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] Cross-sectional echocardiography and cardiac catheterization provided the necessary diagnostic information, and defined the anatomy before surgery, in 139 patients. Echocardiography was the only diagnostic study in 43 patients.…”

“…Cardioplegic arrest is now used in most centers. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][19][20][21][23][24][25]27,29,30,[32][33][34][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]46,[48][49][50][51][52][53] Repair under deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest was used at the beginning of the experience in some centres. 3,[4][5][6][7][8]13,20,32,35,50 At ...…”

A new form of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with double drainage

“…Double connection type is a particular form of TAPVC, in which all of the pulmonary veins enter a confluence that usually drains to both the coronary sinus and the left innominate vein. 2–4 In the present case, the pulmonary veins from the bilateral lungs joined a confluence and drained into the systemic venous flow via two vertical veins; one of the vertical veins drained through the diaphragm and the other, originating from the right lower pulmonary vein, ascended spirally within the right lung and connected to the left innominate vein. To our knowledge, this type of TAPVC has not been reported previously.…”

“…1 Recently, the double connection type of TAPVC in which all pulmonary veins drain to a confluence that drains into two different sites, usually into the coronary sinus and the left innominate vein, has been reported. 2–4 We describe a new form of TAPVC with double connection and discuss the embryogenesis of this uncommon anomaly.…”

Echocardiographic diagnosis of dual connections to ascending and descending vertical veins in the setting of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection

“…vertical vein and to the coronary sinus have been described in the setting of totally anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, but to the best of our knowledge, simultaneous connections to ascending and descending vertical veins has thus far been suggested only as an embryological possibility. 1 Our patient was a female infant, born at term weighing 3.2 kilograms, who presented at birth with respiratory distress and cyanosis. Transthoracic crosssectional echocardiography performed when the infant was aged 7 days old revealed, in the suprasternal coronal view (Fig.…”