“…Low surface energy allows the coating to repel water and other liquids, bolstering its protective qualities. According to the reports, various methods can be used to obtain rough structures at the micro-nano scale (Xu et al, 2021), such as etching (Doskoc ˇil et al, 2022;Liu et al, 2023), plating (Kamde et al, 2022;Zhang and Shen, 2023), hydrothermal (Guo et al, 2023;Han et al, 2023;Tang et al, 2023), chemical conversion coating (Wang et al, 2022a(Wang et al, , 2022b(Wang et al, , 2022cWang et al, 2023), chemical oxidation (Song et al, 2022), spray (Zheng et al, 2023). Organic long-chain molecules, as low surface energy agents, are commonly used to construct the modifier layer to reduce surface energy, such as stearic acid (Wang et al, 2022a(Wang et al, , 2022b(Wang et al, , 2022cLi et al, 2023a), myristic acid (Tian et al, 2023), lauric acid (Wang et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2021), hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (Ma et al, 2023).…”