“…Notably, graph energy captures the graphical characteristic, while the spectral radius of a graph represents the largest absolute eigenvalue among all the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix, denoted by the notation ℘(G). Moreover, these mathematical tools have found several applications in algebraic graph theory (Zhang et al, 2022). Both of these tools, i.e., the energy and spectral radius, play pivotal roles in comprehending the structural properties and behavior of graphs across various disciplines.…”