Dose-response of retinoic acid induced stress protein synthesis and teratogenesis in mice

Dose‐response for retinoic acid‐induced forelimb malformations and cleft palate: A comparison of computerized image analysis and visual inspection

“…At an all‐trans RA dose of 10 mg/kg, Hansen's group reported only 2.4% of the fetuses exhibiting cleft palate, while none of the fetuses were designated as having forelimb malformations. At 1.0 and 100 mg/kg all‐trans RA, Hansen et al (2001) reports similar results to previous studies with no malformations at 1.0 mg/kg and nearly 90% of fetuses having either cleft palate or a forelimb defect at 100 mg/kg.…”

“…Excessive amounts of all‐trans RA can affect almost any organ system, depending upon the stage of development in which exposure occurs (Kochhar, 1967; Shenefelt, 1972; Kamm et al, 1984). In mouse embryos, all‐trans RA has been shown to produce severe limb defects and craniofacial malformations when treatment occurs between gestation days (GD) 11 and 14.5 (Kwasigroch and Kochhar, 1980; Kochhar et al, 1996; Hansen et al, 2001). A single 100 mg/kg dose of all‐trans RA to GD 11 mice has been shown to result in 92% (Creech Kraft et al, 1989) and 100% (Soprano et al, 1994; Kochhar et al, 1996) malformed fetuses.…”

“…No fetal limb malformations are seen when a dose of 1 mg/kg all‐trans RA or less is administered to pregnant mice on GD 11 (Kochhar et al, 1996). Hansen et al (2001) reported a more rigorous dose‐response for all‐trans RA in GD 11 and GD 13 CD‐1 mice. At an all‐trans RA dose of 10 mg/kg, Hansen's group reported only 2.4% of the fetuses exhibiting cleft palate, while none of the fetuses were designated as having forelimb malformations.…”

Heat shock proteins in toxicology: How close and how far?

“…Environmental exposures also trigger protective mechanisms in the reproductive tissues that are mediated by heat shock proteins. Over the past decade, a number of laboratories have examined the expression and potential functions of Hsp70 in reproduction (Mosser et al 2000;Hansen et al 2001), in particular, gametogenesis and male infertility (Dix 1997;Feng et al 2001). Recently, Saradha et al (2008) showed an increase in the expression of hsp70 in rat testis following lindane exposure, which could be part of a protective mechanism mounted to reduce cellular damage.…”

Alitretinoin treatment of lichen amyloidosis

“…Retinoids may suppress epidermal proliferation and promote keratinocyte differentiation, leading to the improvement of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis (Atacan et al, 2016;Carlesimo et al, 2011;Choi et al, 2008). In addition, retinoids can regulate levels of several heat-shock proteins and apolipoprotein E, which are thought to be important factors in the formation of amyloid from keratin (Hansen et al, 2001). However, retinoids can aggravate atopic dermatitis because they cause skin dryness.…”