Dose-response effects of d-amphetamine on effort-based decision-making and reinforcement learning

Soder, Heather E.; Cooper, Jessica; Lopez-Gamundi, Paula; Hoots, Jennifer K.; Nunez, Cecilia; Lawlor, Victoria M.; Lane, Scott D.; Treadway, Michael T.; Wardle, Margaret C.

doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0779-8

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Although the inclusion of statistical images partly offsets this issue, the number of included studies still limited our ability to further explore the effects of potential moderators, such as effort type (i.e., physical vs. cognitive), parameter type (i.e., difference in SV vs. SV of one option), effort execution requirement (i.e., real vs. hypothetical), and reward probability (i.e., cumulative vs. random payout). Because effort-based decision-making is sensitive to reward probability (Barch et al, 2014;Soder et al, 2020;Treadway et al, 2012) and opportunity costs (Otto and Daw, 2019), future research should directly explore the interaction between effort demand and other cost domains and/or task features. Second, the majority of the included studies focused on physical effort measured by handgrip devices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural basis of effort valuation: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

Lopez-Gamundi

Yao

Chong

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Choosing how much effort to expend is a critical for everyday decisions. While effort-based decision-making is altered in common psychopathologies and many neuroimaging studies have been conducted to examine how effort is valued, it remains unclear where the brain processes effort-related costs and integrates them with rewards. Using meta-analyses of combined maps and coordinates of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (total N = 22), we showed that raw effort demands consistently activated the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). In contrast, the net value of effortful reward consistently activated regions, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum (VS), that have been previously implicated in value integration in other cost domains. The opposite activation patterns of the pre-SMA and vmPFC imply a double dissociation of these two regions, in which the pre-SMA is involved in pure effort cost representation and the vmPFC in net value integration. These findings advance our understanding of the neural basis of effort-related valuation and reveal potential brain targets to treat motivation-related disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural basis of effort valuation: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

Lopez-Gamundi

Yao

Chong

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Excluding these two individuals did not change the pattern of results. Two other participants were excluded from all analyses of the EEfRT, as they chose the low effort task on all trials at all sessions (this is consistent with our exclusion criteria in previous uses of this task in repeated measures studies (Wardle et al 2011 ; Soder et al 2021 ). Therefore, all analyses reflect a sample size of 58.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Typical cannabis effect scales, including the one used here, contain items such as “Things around me seem more pleasing than usual” and “I feel as if something pleasant had just happened to me,” so it is possible cannabis satisfies some need for reward, reducing motivation for other, non-drug rewards. However, stimulants such as amphetamine also produce euphoria, yet increase exertion of effort for other rewards (Wardle et al 2011 ; Soder et al 2021 ). It is also possible that cannabis operates on perceptions of effort, making costs appear higher rather than rewards lower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems likely that these changes in perception of effort may occur independently of actual psychomotor changes in ability. Indeed, the effects of amphetamine on motivation for reward are independent of psychomotor speeding (Wardle et al 2011 ; Soder et al 2021 ), just as the effects of cannabis appear independent of psychomotor slowing. Further, caffeine results in psychomotor speeding without affecting choice behavior in this same task (Wardle et al 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here our hypothesis was open. In previous studies, drug manipulations that increase effort have been more evident at low expected values (where overall effort is generally low; Soder et al 2021 ). Thus any tendency of THC to decrease effort might be more evident in moderate to high expected values, where overall effort is generally high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces willingness to exert effort in women

et al. 2022

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Background The use of cannabis has been clinically associated with decreased motivation to engage in normally rewarding activities. However, evidence from previous controlled studies is mixed. Method In this study, we examined the effects of acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) versus placebo on a task measuring willingness to exert effort for rewards. This is a secondary analysis of a larger study examining interactions between ovarian hormones and THC. In this within-subjects study, oral THC and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions in counterbalanced order to healthy young adult (M age = 24 years) women with previous cannabis experience who were not regular users. Forty subjects completed three 4-h sessions with PL, 7.5 and 15 mg THC, while an additional 18 completed only PL and 15 mg THC sessions (design abridged due to pandemic). At each session, they completed a task consisting of making repeated choices between a hard and an easy task, which were worth varying amounts of money at varying probabilities. Results THC dose-dependently decreased hard task choices (drug effect, b = − 0.79, SE = 0.29, z = − 2.67, p < 0.01), especially at moderate to high expected values of reward (drug × probability × amount interaction, b = 0.77, SE = 0.38, z = 1.99, p = 0.04). THC also slowed task performance (drug effect, b = 0.01, SE = 0.005, t (5.24) = 2.11, p = 0.04), but the effect of THC on choice was still significant after controlling for this psychomotor slowing. Conclusions These findings support the idea that cannabis acutely reduces motivation to earn non-drug rewards. Still to be determined are the neurochemical mechanisms underlying this effect.

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Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits

Kassim

2022

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objectives This research aimed to systematically review the acute effects of amphetamine (AMP), a dopamine‐releasing agent, on working memory (WM) and other cognitive performances. The investigation also aimed to review the impact of personality traits on the subjective and objective effects of AMP and possible links between personality traits and effects of AMP. Methods Previous double‐blind controlled studies assessing the main effects of AMP on WM and other cognitive performances in healthy volunteers were systematically reviewed. An electronic search was performed in the PUBMED and SCOPUS databases. Narrative reviews of the influence of personality traits on the subjective and objective effects of AMP were included. Results Nineteen WM studies were included in the current review. Seven studies found effects of AMP on spatial WM, but only one study found the effect of AMP on verbal WM. Thirty‐seven independent studies on other aspects of cognitive performance were identified. Twenty‐two reported effects of AMP on cognitive functions. Studies also showed that personality traits are associated with the subjective effects of AMP. However, few studies reported the impacts of personality traits on the objective (such as WM) effects of AMP. Conclusion Overall, findings indicate that AMP has mixed‐effects on spatial WM and other cognitive functions, but it lacks effects on verbal WM. Although there are insufficient studies on objective measures, studies also indicated that the subjective effects of AMP administration are linked to between‐person variations in personality traits.

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Dose-response effects of d-amphetamine on effort-based decision-making and reinforcement learning

Cited by 46 publications

References 63 publications

The neural basis of effort valuation: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

The neural basis of effort valuation: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces willingness to exert effort in women

Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits

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